Title 1. BASIC COMPUTER ORGANISATION.docx ✅

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANISATION: Introduction to computer system, hardware, software, input device, output device, CPU, memory (primary, cache and secondary), units of memory (Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB) Computer: - is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it and generate result (output). Electrical Electronics Alternating Current Works on high voltage. Direct Current Works on low voltage Computer system:-computer along with additional hardware and software together is called computer system.
Hardware: - tangible parts of a computer system Software: - intangible part of computer, set of program to perform certain task Functional component of computer system Computer work on input process output (IPO) cycle. Input devices:-devices through which control signals/data are sent to a computer Convert the input data into a digital form entered data is temporarily stored in the main memory (also called RAM) Example: 1. Keyboard – For typing text and commands.
2. Mouse – Pointing device to interact with GUI. 3. Touchpad – Often used in laptops as a mouse alternative. 4. Joystick – Commonly used in gaming. 5. Trackball – A stationary pointing device. 6. Scanner – Converts physical documents into digital form. 7. Light Pen – Used to draw or select objects directly on a screen (mostly obsolete). 8. Microphone – Converts sound into digital signals. 9. Webcam – Captures video and images. 10. Barcode Scanner – Reads barcodes (used in retail and inventory). 11. Biometric Devices (e.g., fingerprint scanner) – Input based on human traits. Output devices:- receives data from a computer system for display, physical production Convert the digital data into a human understandable form Example: 1. Monitor (VDU - Visual Display Unit) ○ Types: CRT, LCD, LED ○ Displays text, graphics, videos 2. Printer ■ Dot Matrix (old, basic) ■ Inkjet (moderate quality) ■ Laser (high-speed, high-quality) ■ Thermal (used in POS systems) 3. Speaker ○ Produces audio output (sound, music, alerts) 4. Headphones / Earphones ○ Personal audio output device 5. Projector ○ Projects video output onto large screen ○ Types: DLP, LCD, LED 6. Plotter ○ Used for high-precision drawings CPU(processor) :- electronic circuitry that carries out the actual processing and usually referred as the brain of the computer (called processor ), The CPU fetches the program and data from the memory and performs arithmetic and logic operations as per the given instructions and stores the result back to memory. The CPU stores the data as well as instructions in its local memory called registers. Registers are part of the CPU chip and they are limited in size and number. Different registers are used for storing data, instructions or intermediate results. The CPU has two main components — Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU). ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations that need to be done as per the instruction in a program. CU controls sequential instruction execution, interprets instructions and guides data flow through the computer’s memory, ALU and input or output devices. Memory:-A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for processing.computers have two types of memory — primary and secondary