Title 01 AbPsy - Introduction to Abnormal Psychology.pdf ✅

○ Was abandoned as it resulted in prolonged coma and even death to some ● Benjamin Franklin ○ Developed the Electric Shock Therapy ○ Discovered that mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsions and memory loss ○ His friend realized that the shock made him “strangely elated” and wondered if it might be a useful treatment for depression ● Joseph von Meduna ○ Observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy ○ His followers concluded that induced brain seizures may cure schizophrenia ● Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini ○ Treated a depressed patient by sending six small shocks directly through the brain ○ Later known as Electroconvulsive Therapy DRUGS FOR SEVERE PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS Opium Used as sedatives Rauwolfia serpentina Later renamed reserpine Used as a depressant action on the nervous system and is generally administered in high blood pressure Neuroleptics Major tranquilizers Diminished hallucinatory and delusional thought processes Controlled agitation and aggressiveness Benzodiazepines Minor tranquilizers Reduced anxiety Valium and Librium Most prescribed drug by 1970s Bromides A class of sedating drugs Used at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century to treat anxiety and other psychological disorders Neuroleptics Side effects included chronic tremors and shaking Consequences of the Biological Tradition ● John Grey reduced / eliminated interest in treating mental patients ● They believed that mental disorders were the result of some as-yet undiscovered brain pathology and were therefore incurable ● Emil Kraepelin was the dominant figure during this period and one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry ● Scientific approach to psychological disorders and their classification had begun with the search for biological causes ● Treatment was based on humane principles THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT Psychosocial Treatment – focused on psychological, social, and cultural factors to the causation of psychopathology ● Plato: thought that the two causes of maladaptive behavior were the social and cultural influences in one’s life and the learning that took place in that environment ● Aristotle: emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology ● Philosophers wrote about the importance of fantasies, dreams, and cognitions ● They also advocated humane and responsible care for individuals with psychological disturbances MORAL THERAPY Moral Therapy – included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction ● Providing them with many opportunities for appropriate social and interpersonal contact ● Individual attention clearly emphasized positive consequences for appropriate interactions and behavior, and restraint and seclusion were eliminated ● Originated with Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin ○ Pussin instituted remarkable reforms by removing all chains used to restrain patients and instituting humane and positive psychological interventions ○ Pussin persuaded Pinel to go along with the changes ● Declined after the mid-19th century ○ Moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer (civil war) ○ Dorothea Dix campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity (mental hygiene movement) ASYLUM REFORM AND DECLINE OF MORAL THERAPY ● After WWI, Leprosariums were converted to asylums due to the lack of usage and increase in war survivors 4 | @studywithky