Title KEY - R12 NP4.docx ✅

6. After formulating the hypothesis and choosing her research design, Rianna plans her data gathering tool. Which of the instruments would yield the MOST ACCURATE data about the competency at entry of the staff nurses? A. Performance evaluation forms based on observation by the immediate superior nurses. B. Interview the director of nursing C. Questioners to be filled up by the nurse managers D. Existing data from transcript of records Answer is A. Performance evaluation forms based on observation by the immediate superiors. 7. Rianna plans to interview the training director about the staff nurses’ performances. What type of sampling would she use if she includes those who happen to be in the training room where the activity is scheduled to be conducted? A. Quota B. Random C. Purpose D. Convenience Answer is D. Convenience. D: AKA accidental sample; entails using the most conveniently available people as study participants. A faculty member who distributes questionnaires to nursing students in a class is using a convenience sample. C: AKA judgmental sampling is based on the belief that researchers’ knowledge about the population can be used to hand-pick sample members. B: involves a selection process in which each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected. A: the researcher identifies population strata and determines how many participants are needed from each stratum. 8. Nurse Rianna is certain that several of the staff nurses who specialize in research settings tend to respond psychologically to the condition of the study. This is referred to as: A. Instrumentation error B. Hawthorne effect C. Halo effect D. Selection effect Answer is B. Hawthorne effect. The staff nurses who know they are included in the study may have bent/ tweaked their normal psychological response to satisfy the condition of the study. D: the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. C: the tendency of observers to be influenced by one characteristic in judging other, unrelated characteristics. For example, if we formed a positive general impression of a person, we would probably be likely to rate that person as intelligent, loyal, and dependable simply because these traits are positively valued. B: Knowledge of being included in the study appears to have affected people’s behavior, thereby obscuring the effect of the variable of interest. A: Bias reflects changes in measuring instruments or methods of measurement between two points of data collection. For example, if we used one measure of stress at baseline and a revised measure at follow-up, any differences might reflect changes in the measuring tool rather than the effect of an independent variable 9. The right of the subject to beneficence is demonstrated by Rianna when she does which of the following? A. Keeps in confidence all information she gathered from the subject B. Assure subjects that their participation will not be used against them C. Secure informed consent of the subjects D. Should not place the subjects at a disadvantage or expose to situations they have not been explicitly prepared Answer is D. Should not place the subjects at a disadvantage or expose to situations they have not been explicitly prepared. Beneficence involves the protection of participants from physical and psychological harm, the protection of participants from exploitation, and the performance of some good (Polit & Beck). A: right to confidentiality C: Informed consent procedures, which provide prospective participants with information needed
to make a reasoned decision about participation, normally involve signing a consent form to document voluntary and informed participation. Situation: Mr. Jake proposed to conduct research on the utilization of a revised self-care guide for patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. 10. Mr. Jake believes that he must abide by the ethical conduct in research, which code of ethics requires informed consent in all studies involving human subjects? A. ICN code of ethics B. Belmont report C. Nuremberg code D. Helsinki declaration Answer is C. Nuremberg code - the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent. D: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects C: a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation; states that human subjects must be able to withdraw from a research study at any time; developed after Nazi atrocities were made public as an international effort to establish ethical standards; the FIRST international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent. B: statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects A: a statement of the ethical values, responsibilities and professional standards of nurses 11. Which of the following codes of ethics differentiate whether the research study has a therapeutic value, or which essentially yields new knowledge and has no therapeutic value? A. Nuremberg code B. Belmont report C. Helsinki declaration D. ICN code of ethics The answer is A. Nuremberg code. According to code no. 2: The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of the society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. To be able to stay true to this code, the study’s therapeutic value or non-value must be first differentiated and determined. The ICN code of ethics does NOT state that it differentiates whether the research has therapeutic value or not. A: Called for voluntary consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and assurance of competent investigators. B: Standards of ethical research are based on: beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice. C: The World Medical Association’s (1964) Declaration of Helsinki reiterated the Nuremberg Code’s emphasis on voluntary and informed consent to research as well as other factors important to ethical conduct in scientific investigations involving communities and individuals. The Declaration of Helsinki, revised most recently in 2000, is universally recognized as a foundational guideline for ethical behaviour in scientific research. (WHO) D: The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses is a statement of the ethical values, responsibilities and professional accountabilities of nurses and nursing students that defines and guides ethical nursing practice within the different roles nurses assume. 12. Some characteristics are considered vulnerable as subjects for clinical research, which is NOT considered as vulnerable? A. Adult woman B. Mentally or emotionally disabled people C. Children D. Institutionalized people The answer is A. Adult woman. If someone becomes institutionalized, they gradually become less able to think and act independently, because of having lived for a long time under the rules of an institution (Cambridge Dictionary) 13. During the study, one of the subjects expressed his intention to disengage from the research. Which of the following is the appropriate action to take? A. Motivate him to sustain his participation B. Entice him by giving him stipends C. Explain to him that such would affect the validity of the study