Title Tulanatmak Rajkaran - Arth, Swaroop Ani Vyapti.pdf ✅

X ¶w{ZH$ A°H°$S>‘r  nwUo & ‘w§~B© & {X„r amOgodm _w»` - d¡H$pënH$ {df` amÁ¶emó nona 2 - VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU ... AW©, ñdê$n Am{U ì`már 1 amOH$maU åhUOo H$m`? ● gm_w{hH$ H¥$Vr. g_mOmV {hVg§~§YmMm g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmë`mg {VMo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cocr H¥$Vr qH$dm g_whmZo Amnë`m {hVg§~§YmMm nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m H¥$VtMm `mV g_mdoe hmoVmo. ● gmd©O{ZH$ ñdê$nmMr {ZU©` à{H«$`m CXm. XheVdmXmMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§Vaamï ́>r` nmVirda {d{dY amï ́>g§KQ>Zm§Ûmao KoÊ`mV `oUmao {ZU©`. ● {ZU©` à{H«$`oÛmao g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»` KQ>H$m§da à^md ● S>opìhS> B©ñQ>Z `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo amOH$maU åhUOo "_yë`m§Mo A{YgÎmmË_H$ {dVaU' hmo`. åhUOoM g_mOmbm Cn`wŠV dñVw d godm `m§Mo Ho$bo OmUmao dmQ>n, Oo ~§YZH$maH$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo. VwbZmË_H$ amOH$maU åhUOo H$m`? ● `mV amOH$maUmMm VwbZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_Ü`o emgZmMo {d{dY àH$ma Am{U {d{^Þ amOH$s` g§ñWm `m§Mo VwcZmË_H$ {dícofU Amho. ● VwcZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU `m {d{^Þ ~m~r AmhoV. VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU hr A{YH$ ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. amÁ`emóm_Ü`o dV©ZdmXr H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maUmMr g§H$ënZm doJmZo ApñVËdmV Amcr. VwcZmË_H$ emgZ {df`mV g_m{dï> AgUmè`m ~m~rgmo~VM BVa Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgmV hmoVmo. àH$aU 1 VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU ... AW©, ñdê$n Am{U ì`már - àdrU MìhmU amÁ`godm _w»` narjm d¡H$pënH$ {df` amÁ`emó nona H«$. 2 VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU
2 amOgodm _w»` - d¡H$pënH$ {df` amÁ¶emó nona 2 - VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU ... AW©, ñdê$n Am{U ì`már X ¶w{ZH$ A°H°$S>‘r  nwUo & ‘w§~B© & {X„r H«$. VwcZmË_H$ emgZ VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU 1 amOH$s` {dícofUmMm nma§n[aH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ amOH$s` {dícofUmmMm AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ 2 {dícofUmMm g§Hw${MV Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dícofUmMm ì`mnH$ Am{U dñVw{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ 3 emgZ Am{U g§ñWm§Mm nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg. {dMma, g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V, emgZmMo àH$ma `mMm Aä`mg emgZ Am{U g§ñWm§~amo~aM {dícofU V§Ìo, à{H«$`m BVa amOH$s` à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg. CXm. amOH$s` nj, X~md JQ> B. 4 EH$emIr` Aä`mgmcm àmYmÝ`. CXm. amÁ`emó ~hþemIr` Aä`mgmcm àmYmÝ`. CXm. amÁ`emó, B{Vhmg, AW©emó, g_mOemó B. 5 VwcZmË_H$ emgZmMm Aä`mg ì`dñWm H$m ~XcVo `mMo CÎma XoV Zmhr. `m Aä`mgnÕVr_Ü`o ì`dñWm ~Xc H$m hmoVmo `mMo CÎma emoYVm `oVo. ● amOemómV VwbZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr n«mMrZ H$mimnmgyZM gwê$dmV Pmbobr {XgVo `m_Ü`o A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo {deof `moJXmZ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _°{H$`mìhobr, _°mQ>|ñŠ`w, AboŠgr S>r Q>m°H${db, Oo. Eg. {_b, bmS>© ~«mB©g `mgma»`m {díbofH$mZr emgZmMm VwbZmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg Ho$bm. _mÌ `m H$mimV _w»`V... emgZ àH$ma, emgZmVrb EImXr g§ñWm Am{U Ë`m emgZ g§ñWoMo A{YH$ma AerM VwbZm Ho$bobr {XgyZ `oVo. VwbZmË_H$ amOH$maUmÀ`m dmQ>MmbrVrb hm Q>ßnm nma§n[aH$ VwbZmË_H$ emgZ åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. nma§nm[aH$ VwbZmË_H$ amOH$maU (1) amÁ`g§ñWmH|${ÐV Aä`mg {XgyZ `oVmo. CXm. amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m CX`mMo {d{dY {gÕm§V, amÁ`g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n d àH$ma, {VMr H$m`}, VgoM amOH$s` g§ñWm§Zm OÝ_ XoUmè`m g§{dYm{ZH$ d d¡Ym{ZH$ VaVwXtÀ`m Aä`mgmda ^a. (2) emgZàH$ma d emgZ emIm `mV VwbZm Ho$bobr {XgyZ `oVo. (3) àñVwV VwbZm Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMrM åhUOo EImÚm aMZoMo d¡Ym{ZH$ ñWmZ H$m`? {VMo {dYrdV A{YH$ma H$moUVo? `mnwaVrM _`m©XrV am{hbr. åhUyZ nma§n[aH$ VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMo _mZbo OmVo. (4) hm Aä`mg \$ŠV dU©ZmË_H$ ñdê$nmMm {XgyZ `oVmo, Ë`m_wio amOH$maUmMo ñnï>rH$aU d Ë`m{df`H$ AZw_mZ `m~m~r AmT>iV Zmhr. (5) nma§n[aH$ VwbZmË_H$ emgZmV amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m d emgZ g§ñWoÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§X^m©H$S>o Xwb©j Pmbobo {XgVo. Ë`m_wioM hm Aä`mg amÁ`mnwaVmM _`m©XrV amhVmo. amÁ` d g_mO `mVrb Am§Vag§~§Y Xwb©jrV amhVmV. (6) nm§an[aH$ VwbZmË_H$ "emgZ H$m` Amho?' `mnojm "H$go Agmdo?' `mda ^a XoVo. åhUOoM emgZg§ñWmMr VwbZm H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb AmXe© emgZ àH$ma H$moUVm ho emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio hm Aä`mg H${ënVXeu R>aVmo. (7) OwZo VwbZmË_H$ emgZ ho _yë`mË_H$-VmpËdH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aUmao Amho. n[aUm_r, VÏ`m§H$S>o Xwb©j hmoD$Z _yë`m§daM ^a {Xë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. (8) `wamonH|$Ðr Aä`mg ... OwÝ`m Aä`mgmV `wamon-A_o[aH$m `oWrbM amOH$s` aMZoMr VwbZm {XgyZ `oVo. Ë`m_wio hm Aä`mg _`m©{XV {XgyZ `oVmo. J¡anm{ü_mË` amÁ`ì`dñWm OUy Ë`m§À`m Ñï>rZo ApñVËdmVM ZìhË`m qH$dm Agë`m Var \$maem _hËdmÀ`m ZìhË`m. AmYw{ZH$ VwbZmË_H$ amOH$maU (1) amOH$s` ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg (amOH$maU d g_mO `m§Vrb Am§Vag§~§Y). amÁ`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§X^m©H$S>o bj {Xë`m_wio amOH$s` ì`dñWm hm Aä`mg {df` ~ZVmo. `m_Ü`o amOH$s` joÌmVrc Am¡nMm[aH$ (CXm. H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i, Ý`m`_§S>i) Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ (X~mdJQ>, amOH$s` nj dJ¡ao) KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV `oV Agë`mZo Vmo ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg R>aVmo.
X ¶w{ZH$ A°H°$S>‘r  nwUo & ‘w§~B© & {X„r amOgodm _w»` - d¡H$pënH$ {df` amÁ¶emó nona 2 - VwcZmË_H$ amOH$maU ... AW©, ñdê$n Am{U ì`már 3 (2) ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMo VwbZmË_H$ amOH$maU, H$maU `mV Am¡nMm[aH$ aMZm§À`m VwbZo~amo~aM AZm¡nMm[aH$ aMZm§Mrhr VwbZm Ho$br OmVo. H$maU `mV amÁ` d g_mOmVrb Am§Vag§~§YmMm Aä`mg g_m{dï> hmoVmo. (3) AmYw{ZH$ VwbZmË_H$ amÁ`emó ho dU©ZmË_H$, ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ Am{U AZw_mZmË_H$ Amho. (4) "H$m` Amho?' `mda ^a - dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n. (5) AZw^dOÝ`dmXr ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. (6) gd©g_mdoeH$, ì`mnH$ AgyZ `mV Xwgè`m d {Vgè`m OJmMm Aä`mg A§V^y©V H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. _hÎd (1) amOH$maUmMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$ë`m_wio BVa amOH$s` ì`dñWoÀ`m MbZà{H«$`oVyZ ~è`mM ~m~r {eH$Vm `oVmV d Ë`mMm Amnbr amOH$s` ì`dñWm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Adb§~ H$aVm `oVmo. (2) VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgm_wio amOH$s` à{H«$`oÀ`m AmH$bZmV ^a nS>Vo. Ë`mÛmao amOH$s` à{H«$`oMo JVrerb ñdê$n bjmV KoVm `oVo. amÁ`nÕVr `eñdr qH$dm An`er H$m R>aVmV `mMm Aä`mg H$aVm `oVmo. (3) VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg nÕVrÛmao amOH$s` à{H«$`o{df`r gmd©O{ZH$ ñdê$nmMo {Z`_ d {gÕm§V _m§S>Vm `oVmV. (4) VwbmZmË_H$ Aä`mgm_wioM amÁ`emómbm Iè`m AWm©Zo emómMm XOm© XoVm `oB©b. VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mgmVyZ Aä`mgH$mMr Ñï>r {demc Am{U {dcjU ~ZVo. _`m©Xm (1) VwbZmË_H$ nÕVrgmR>r g§H$ënZmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> Amdí`H$ R>aVo. _mÌ g§H$ënZmÀ`m ñnï>rH$aUm{df`r Aä`mgH$ d {díbofH$m§_Ü`o ì`mnH$ gh_Vr hmoB©bM `mMr ImÌr XoVm `oV Zmhr. (2) VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgmgmR>r BVa amOH$s` ì`dñWo{df`r _m{hVr {_idUo AË`mdí`H$ R>aVo. na§Vw {d{dY H$maUm_wio Aer _m{hVr {_idÊ`mg§X^m©V AZoH$ AS>MUr {XgyZ `oVmV. CXm. amOH$s` ì`dñWm§Mo AnmaXeu ñdê$n ({~Ja bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm Agë`mg) B. (3) VwbZmË_H$ amOH$maU `m {df`mMr ì`már AdmT>ì` Agë`mZo Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m V§ÌmMm Adb§~ H$am`Mm `m{df`r AZoH$ _V_Vm§Vao {XgyZ `oVmV. åhUOoM "àH$aU Aä`mg nÕVr' H$s "gm§p»`H$s {díbofUmË_H$ nÕV' `mMm Adb§~ H$am`Mm `m[df`r _V^oX {XgVmV. (4) amOH$s` ì`dñWm Ho$di {^ÝZM Zìho Va nañna {dg§JV ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV.CXmhaUmW© n{hbo, Xwgao, {Vgao OJ Ago dJuH$aU _mZm`Mo R>adbo Var CnbãY ì`dñWm§Mm d Ë`mVrb amOH$s` nÕVrMm àm{V{ZYrH$ Aä`mg H$aUo A{Ve` H$R>rU H$m`© Amho. H$maU `m {VÝhr OJVmV bmoH$emhr d {~Ja bmoH$emhr (Á`mV AZoH$ àH$mamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo) Aem {d{^ÝZ amOH$s` ì`dñWm AmT>iyZ `oVmV. VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgmgmR>r dmnabr OmUmar V§Ìo (1) ì`ï>r àH$aU Aä`mg (Case Study), Á`mV EH$m aMZoMm gImob d gdmaJrUnUo Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. (2) bú`mYm[aV VwbZm (Focussed Comparison) - `mV EH$m aMZo/K{Q>VmEodOr H$mhr {ZdS>H$ K{Q>Vm§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. (3) gm§p»`H$s` {díbofU nÕVr (Statistical Analytical Method) - `m nÕVrV AZoH$ amOH$s` ~m~r§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. hm Aä`mg ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMm d gd©g_mdoeH$ Agbm Var, `m nÕVrV "àH$aU Aä`mgm'à_mUo AmH$bZmÀ`m {díbofUmMr Imobr AmT>iV Zmhr.