Title EXTN-123 KrushiVidya.pdf ✅

1 Course No.- EXTN-123 Sem- II Credits – 1+1=2 Course Title- Communication Skills and Personality Development SYLLABUS Theory Unit I: Communication Skills 1. Meaning and Process of Communication 2. Verbal and Non verbal Communication 3. Public Speaking, Impromptu Presentation 4. Individual Presentation, Group Discussion, Seminars and Conferences Unit II: Writing Skills 1. Precise Writing, Summarizing, Abstracting 2. Listening and Note Taking, Field Dairy and Lab Record 3. Indexing, Footnote and Bibliographic Procedures Unit II: Personality Development 1. Meaning and definition of Personality 2. Factors affecting Personality 3. Personality Traits Practical 1. Listening and Note Taking 2. Oral Presentation Skill 3. Individual and Group Presentation 4. Writing Skill 5. Field Dairy and Lab Record 6. Indexing, Footnote and Bibliographic Procedures 7. Precise Writing, Summarizing, Abstracting 8. Organizing Group Discussion 9. Impromptu Presentation
2 Unit I: Communication Skills Meaning and Process of Communication A. Communication Concepts and Process Our ability to communicate and the different forms our communication takes are very often taken for granted. The communication process is fundamental for human survival. It is essential to the development of the individual, to the formation and continued existence of groups and to the interrelations among groups. Communication is as old as human history; many indicators prove that effective communication is the main factor enhancing civilization through history. This is why communication is, considered multi-culture phenomena; Ancient-Greeks, Ancient Egyptians, Ancient-Chinese, Arabs, Europeans and Americans have got their impact on communication. On the other hand, the study of human communication is interdisciplinary. It began with the mathematically theory of communication by Claude E.Shanon and Warren Weaver in 1949, scientists considered as strictly mathematical. Their aim was to measure the amount of information, in the mess ages, that is transmitted through the media the telephone; however, as years passed by, inter-disciplinary approaches to study human communication came up. They rely on psychology, sociology, speech communication, political, journalism, anthropology management, education, marketing and philosophy. Thus, we can say that every discipline concerned with human behaviour must deal with communication. There are many definitions of communication: Definitions of Communication Legans defines communication “ is a process by which two or more people exchange idea, facts, feelings or impression in ways that each gains a common understanding of meaning, impact and use of the message". Schramm defines communication as "a tool that makes societies possible and distinguish human from other societies". Berelson and Steiner define communication as the transmission of· information, ideas, emotions, skills through the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures, and graph. Rogers says, "Communication is the process of transmitting / ideas, information, and attitudes from the source to a receiver for the purpose of influencing with intent". Kar defines communication as "all those planned or unplanned processes through which one person influences behaviour of others." A more comprehensive suggested definition to define communication would be: "a process of transmitting ideas, information, attitudes (images which we have formulated for ourselves) by the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures from the source (who is the originator of the message) to a receiver, for the purpose of influencing with intent", So communication is considered as a process through which senders and receivers of messages interact in a given social context. We can conclude that communication is a process used to timely and properly exchange information between a sender and a receiver to achieve a desired goal. A) Process: It suggests that the components of interaction are dynamic in nature. They cannot be regarded as unchanging elements in time and space. This simply means that no single aspect of communication can be meaningfully understood apart from the other elements B) Interaction: It is the process of linking between senders and receivers of the message. The process specifies interaction or linkages between or among countless factors; so that the changes in any set of forces affect the operation of all other processes to produce a total effect.The concept
3 of interaction is central to an understanding of the concept of process in communication. Communication is an attempt to bridge the gap between two individuals through producing and receiving messages which have meaning for both. C) Social Context: Human communication is, to a great extent. Influenced by the social context in which it occurs. The context or the situation that consists of a set of rules which govern the origin, flow and effect of the messages. Overview Communication is a process whereby information is encoded and imparted by a sender to a receiver via a channel/medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, by using writing. Communication is thus a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating. if you use these processes it is developmental and transfers to all areas of life: home, school, community, work, and beyond. It is through communication that collaboration and cooperation occur. There are also many common barriers to successful communication, two of which are message overload (when a person receives too many messages at the same time), and message complexity . Types of communication 1. Verbal communication It includes listening, speaking reading and writing 2. Non verbal communication Communication without language is known as nonverbal. It is also known as gestural communication. This includes gestures, facial expressions, etc., which make communication more effective. 3. Extrapersonal communication- - Communication between human beings and non human entities is called as extra personal communication. - For e.g. when I am talking with my cat or dog it is extra personal communication. Because I am human being and dog or cat is animal. According to definition I am sharing my impressions from my environment with other life form. - In this type of communication understanding is required between sender and receiver. "Receiver responds in sign language " 4. Intrapersonal Communication- -This takes place within the individual. It occurs within ourselves and continuous as long as we are alive. -Sender = Our relevant organ. -Receiver = Our brain. -Feedback by brain. 5. Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication most commonly occurs in face to face situations, where we can see, hear and even touch the other person or persons. Communication at this level refers to the sharing
4 of information among people - Interpersonal communication can be formal or informal. - For eg. The interaction with family members , friends and different kind of people. 6. Small group communication In Mutual conversation between five to ten people. It may be formal or informal. 7. Mass communication It is a communication system in which an identical message is originated by an institutional organization and sent to a large number of receiver through public channels. Communication through mass media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Magazines, Film, Internet) For this kind of communication we require a mediator to transmit information. 8. Dyadic communication In dyadic communication, two individuals communicate with each other. 9. Public speaking One person addresses a large audience. Public speaking is mostly one way from the speaker to audience. Messages are conveyed by the speaker and received by the audience. 10. Organizational communication- Communication in an organization takes place at different hierarchical levels. Communication modelling Communication major dimensions scheme Communication code scheme Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated), source, emisor, sender or encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination, receiver, target or decoder (to whom), and the purpose or pragmatic aspect. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings). Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules: 1. Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols), 2. Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and 3. Semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent). Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rules in some sense ignores auto communication, including intrapersonal communication via diariesor self-talk, both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within social interactions. In a simple model, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the
5 transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive- decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a code book, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties. Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called ' Space Binding' . it made possible the trasnsmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and ' Time Binding' , through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). Verbal and non-verbal communication Humans are pack animals. Our ancestors hunted and gathered as a collective, depending upon one another for protection, sustenance and companionship. Our success as a species and as individuals depends upon our ability to effectively communicate, both verbally and non-verbally. Verbal and non-verbal communication shapes our interactions with others in business and interpersonal relationships, as well as our financial and personal success, and our physical and psychological well-being. Understanding the different aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication, and the important roles they play in our interactions with others, is the first step to enhancing positive communication and nurturing relationships. B. Verbal Communication Verbal communication encompasses any form of communication involving words, spoken, written or signed. The conversation we have with our coworker at lunch, the morning news or the sports page we read in the morning--even the text message you send to your spouse telling him to pick up some milk is a form of verbal communication. Our ability to communicate with a language that is based on an organized system of words, rather than merely sounds, is what sets us apart from lower species. Not only do we have language, but we also have the technology that enables us to communicate with one another no matter the physical distance. When messages or information is exchanged or communicated through words is called verbal communication. Verbal communication may be two types: written and oral communication. Verbal communication takes place through face-to-face conversations, group discussions, counseling, interview, radio, television, calls, memos, letters, reports, notes, email etc. some definitions of verbal communications are as follows: According to Bovee and others: Verbal communication is the expression of information through language which is composed of words and grammar.” According to Penrose and others, “Verbal communication consists of sharing thoughts through the meaning of words.” So, verbal communication is the process of exchanged of information or message between two or more persons through written or oral words. The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face.