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Davidson’s Essentials of Medicine
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2016 Davidson’s Essentials 2nd Edition of Medicine Edited by J. Alastair Innes PhD FRCP(Ed) Consultant Physician and Honorary Reader in Respiratory Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK With a contribution by Simon Maxwell PhD FRCP FRCP(Ed) FBPharmacolS FHEA Professor of Student Learning (Clinical Pharmacology and Prescribing), University of Edinburgh; Honorary Consultant Physician, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organiza- tions such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the publisher (other than as may be noted herein). First edition 2009 Second edition 2016 ISBN-13 978-0-7020-5592-8 International Edition ISBN-13 978-0-7020-5593-5 Ebook ISBN-13 978-0-7020-5595-9 Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the publisher nor the authors, con- tributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Content Strategist: Laurence Hunter Content Development Specialist: Helen Leng Project Manager: Anne Collett Designer: Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Amy Faith Naylor Illustrator: TNQ The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests Printed in China