Title Prahaar Summary 2025_World History.pdf ✅

4 Prahaar Summary 2025 Ê No Inheritance: Prevents wealth accumulation across generations. Ê State-Controlled Finance: Banks and credit managed centrally. Ê Labor Equality: Everyone must work, especially in industry and farming. Ê State Control of Transport/Communication: Managed for public benefit. Ê Universal Education: Free, compulsory schooling; bans child labor. Ê Urban–Rural Balance: Strives for development equality. Ê Land Reclamation: State undertakes soil improvement projects. Branches of Communism Ê Marxism: Advocates class struggle and proletarian revolution. Ê Marxism–Leninism: Adds vanguard party and centralized control. Ê Stalinism: Emphasizes authoritarianism and forced collectivization. Ê Trotskyism: Supports permanent global revolution. Ê Maoism: Promotes peasant-based agrarian socialism. Ê Left Communism: Radical, purist form critical of later deviations. Socialism vs Communism vs Communalism Aspect Socialism Communism Communalism Core Idea Collective/state ownership for welfare. Classless, stateless society with no private property. Organizes society around religious/ethnic identity. Origin Thinkers Industrial era; Owen, Fourier, Marx. Marx & Engels (Communist Manifesto, 1848). Identity-based; rooted in South Asian political context. Ownership State/community owns key sectors. All property owned collectively; no private ownership. May vary; individual or group- based. Role of State Strong regulatory and planning role. Temporary; dissolves post- classlessness. Can support both state and local identity politics. Class Structure Reduces inequality via redistribution. Eliminates all class distinctions. May reinforce or bridge identity divides. Economic Planning Central planning with regulated markets. Fully planned for collective good. Not a central focus; applies in cooperative models. Positive Example Nordic welfare states (e.g., Sweden). Cuba (free services, state-led). Kerala’s decentralized, pluralistic model. Criticism Bureaucracy, low innovation. Authoritarianism risk (e.g., USSR, China). Can incite violence (e.g., Partition, 1984 riots). Mercantilism Dominant in Europe (16th–18th century), it emphasized on national wealth through accumulation of gold/silver. Advocated maximizing exports and minimizing imports via tariffs, subsidies, and state regulation. Key Features of Mercantile States Ê Gold Hoarding: Wealth = national power and military strength. Ê Trade Surplus Policy: Promote exports, restrict imports. Ê Colonial Exploitation: Colonies supplied raw materials and were captive markets. Ê State Monopolies: Exclusive rights to trade and produce goods. Ê Protectionism: High tariffs to protect domestic industry. Ê Economic Regulation: Centralized control over trade, prices, and quality. Criticisms of Mercantilism Ê Inefficiency & Corruption: Due to monopolies and excessive regulation. Ê Human Rights Violations: Enabled slavery and unfair labor practices. Ê Colonial Suffering: High taxes, inflation, and resource extraction caused hardship. Mercantilism enabled state-building and global trade expansion but also drove colonial exploitation. It eventually gave way to liberal economic systems like capitalism and free trade. Imperialism Policy of expanding a nation’s control through diplomacy or military force, especially prominent during the Industrial Revolution. Nature of Imperialism Ê Territorial & Political Control: Annexation of colonies for geopolitical power (e.g., Britain in India and Africa). Ê Economic Exploitation: Colonies used for raw materials and wealth extraction (e.g., $45 trillion drained from India by Britain as estimated by some economists). Ê Cultural Assimilation: Promoted ‘civilizing mission’— e.g., English education in India. Ê Strategic Control: Occupation of trade hubs like Singapore ensured global maritime dominance. Link with Industrial Revolution Ê Raw Material Demand: Cotton from India & Egypt fed British textiles. Ê New Markets: Colonies absorbed surplus manufactured goods.