Title [GV] ĐỀ 03 - A. ĐỀ THI.docx ✅

4 Clinical applications are revolutionary. Epigenetic biomarkers enable early cancer detection when tumors are undetectable by conventional imaging. Demethylating agents reactivate tumor-suppressor genes in leukemia, achieving remission where chemotherapy fails. Paradoxically, these therapies risk destabilizing the genome by indiscriminately reversing epigenetic silencing. Methodological challenges persist. Current sequencing techniques cannot simultaneously map all epigenetic modifications in single cells. Moreover, distinguishing causal epigenetic changes from correlative ones requires longitudinal studies spanning decades. Machine learning algorithms now predict modification patterns by analyzing chromatin accessibility data, accelerating discovery. Ethical quandaries emerge. Epigenetic editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 could potentially "reset" harmful environmental legacies but might inadvertently erase adaptive responses. Legal frameworks struggle to classify non-sequence-based inheritance, challenging patent laws and bioethics guidelines. As epigenetic therapies near commercialization, equitable access debates intensify. (Adapted from Nature Reviews Genetics) Question 23. Which best paraphrases the underlined sentence? A. Metabolic disorders in descendants prove environmental stressors alter DNA sequences heritably. B. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is demonstrated when famine survivors’ offspring develop metabolic conditions. C. Descendants inherit metabolic disorders directly from famine survivors through genetic mutations. D. Famine survivors exemplify how metabolic disorders become epigenetic biomarkers. Question 24. Which is NOT mentioned as a clinical application? A. Reactivating tumor-suppressor genes B. Detecting tumors before radiographic visibility C. Replacing chemotherapy entirely D. Using epigenetic biomarkers Question 25. The word indiscriminately in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to: A. selectively B. systematically C. haphazardly D. strategically Question 26. The word quandaries in paragraph 4 is opposite to: A. solutions B. complexities C. certainties D. innovations Question 27. What does these refer to in paragraph 2? A. tumor-suppressor genes B. epigenetic biomarkers C. demethylating agents D. metabolic disorders Question 28. Which is TRUE about epigenetic research? A. Longitudinal studies efficiently distinguish causal epigenetic modifications. B. CRISPR-Cas9 tools can currently reset environmental legacies safely. C. Machine learning accelerates mapping of epigenetic modifications. D. Single-cell epigenetic sequencing is comprehensively achievable. Question 29. In which paragraph are technological limitations discussed? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Question 30. Where does the author address ethical implications? A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4 Read the following passage about dark matter cosmology and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40. [I] Dark matter – the invisible substance governing cosmic structure formation – comprises 85% of the universe’s mass, yet defies direct detection. [II] Its gravitational effects are irrefutable: galaxies rotate faster than visible mass allows, and light bends around cosmic voids.