Title crim-3-human-behavior-and-victimology-pr_5.pdf ✅

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY Human Behavior - Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation. - the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act - is the voluntary or involuntary attitude a person adopts in order to fit society’s idea of right or wrong. It is partly determined by heredity and environment and modified through learning. It is also the way human beings act. Many people use the word behavior to mean conduct. Human Beings Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and think in rational ways. Objectives of Human Behavior - Aims to understand others - To determine how and why people behave the way they do Views in Human Behavior 1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body such as the brain and the nervous system. 2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be observed and measured. 3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information into various ways. 4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from aggressive impulses in childhood. 5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation toward self-actualization. Two Basic Types of Behavior 1. Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection. 2. Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival. Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training. Classifications of Human Behavior  Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.  Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.  Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and shown through symbols or body signs.  Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones. Causes of Human Behavior  Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads to a particular reaction or behavior. Human Senses: a. Visual – sight b. Olfactory – smell c. Cutaneous – touch d. Auditory – hearing e. Gustatory – taste  Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation  Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of past experiences with a given stimulus or object.
Factors that affect Human Behavior  Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.  Environment – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors that surround and influence behavioral pattern.  Learning – is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of experience or practice. Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior 1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of people and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself. 2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable. 3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the crowd. 4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody, touchy, depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to environmental stress, and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. 5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A person high on psychoticism tends to be impulsive, aggressive individual without appreciable concern for others. Eysenck’s Personality Theory  Eysenck proposed a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment. 1. Extraversion/introversion  Extraverts are sociable and crave excitement and change, and thus can become bored easily. They tend to be carefree, optimistic and impulsive. They are more likely to take risks and be thrill seekers.  Introverts on the other hand lie at the other end of this scale, being quiet and reserved. 2. Neuroticism/stability  A person’s level of neuroticism is determined by the reactivity of their sympathetic nervous system. A stable person’s nervous system will generally be less reactive to stressful situations, remaining calm and level headed.  Someone high in neuroticism on the other hand will be much more unstable, and prone to overreacting to stimuli and may be quick to worry, anger or fear. They are overly emotional and find it difficult to calm down once upset. 3. Psychoticism/normality  Eysenck (1966) later added a third trait / dimension - Psychoticism – e.g., lacking in empathy, cruel, a loner, aggressive and troublesome. This has been related to high levels of testosterone. The higher the testosterone, the higher the level of psychoticism, with low levels related to more normal balanced behavior. Symptoms of Mental Disorder 1. Physical
Physical symptoms of mental and emotional disorders include rapid changes in pulse, temperature, respiration, nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of appetite, marked changes in weight, excessive fatigue, pain, coughs, lack of motor coordination, and speech disturbance. 2. Mental Symptoms of mental and emotional disorders include flights of fancy; aphasia-loss of understanding or of producing language; amnesia-loss of memory; phobias-strong, irrational fears, such as the fear of dark, high in some form of behavior – kleptomania, pyromania; obsession like end of the world; false perception – illusions, hallucinations, delusions and false beliefs. 3. Emotional Some symptoms of mental and emotional disorders are apathy – indifference, accompanied by expressions of worry, crying, refusal to eat or speak; unnatural state of happiness; behavior symptoms – psychomotor activity, crying, laughing, constant, repetition of acts, and profane language. Several Types of Mental Disorders 1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders are those that are typically diagnosed during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These psychological disorders include:  Intellectual Disability  Global Developmental Delay  Communication Disorders  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 2. Bipolar and Related Disorders Bipolar disorder is characterized by shifts in mood as well as changes in activity and energy levels. The disorder often involves experiencing shifts between elevated moods and periods of depression. Such elevated moods can be pronounced and are referred to either as mania or hypomania.  Mania  Depressive Episodes 3. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are those that are characterized by excessive and persistent fear, worry, anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. Fear involves an emotional response to a threat, whether that threat is real or perceived. Anxiety involves the anticipation that a future threat may arise. Types of anxiety disorders include:  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)  Agoraphobia  Social Anxiety Disorder  Specific Phobias  Panic Disorder  Separation Anxiety Disorder 4. Stress-Related Disorders Trauma and stressor-related disorders involve exposure to a stressful or traumatic event. These were previously grouped with anxiety disorders but are now considered a distinct category of disorders. Disorders included in this category include:  Acute Stress Disorder  Adjustment Disorders  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)  Reactive Attachment Disorder 5. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders are psychological disorders that involve a dissociation or interruption in aspects of consciousness, including identity and memory. Dissociative disorders include:  Dissociative Amnesia  Dissociative Identity Disorder  Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 6. Somatic Symptom Disorder Formerly referred to under the heading of somatoform disorders, this category is now known as somatic symptoms and related disorders. Somatic symptom disorders are a class of psychological disorders that involve prominent physical symptoms that may not have a diagnosable physical cause. In contrast to previous ways of conceptualizing these disorders based on the absence of a medical explanation for the physical symptoms, the current diagnosis emphasizes the abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that occur in response to these symptoms. Disorders included in this category:  Somatic Symptom Disorder  Illness Anxiety Disorder  Conversion Disorder  Factitious Disorder 7. Eating Disorders Eating disorders are characterized by obsessive concerns with weight and disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health. Feeding and eating disorders that used to be diagnosed during infancy and childhood have been moved to this category in the DSM-5. Types of eating disorders include:  Anorexia Nervosa  Bulimia Nervosa  Rumination Disorder  Pica  Binge-Eating Disorder 8. Sleep Disorders Sleep disorders involve an interruption in sleep patterns that lead to distress and affects daytime functioning. Examples of sleep disorders include:  Narcolepsy  Insomnia Disorder  Hypersomnolence  Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders  Parasomnias  Restless Legs Syndrome 9. Disruptive Disorders Impulse-control disorders are those that involve an inability to control emotions and behaviors, resulting in harm to oneself or others. These problems with emotional and behavioral regulation are characterized by actions that violate the rights of others such as destroying property or physical aggression and/or those that conflict with societal norms, authority figures, and laws. Types of impulse-control disorders include:  Kleptomania  Pyromania  Intermittent Explosive Disorder  Conduct Disorder  Oppositional Defiant Disorder 10. Depressive Disorders Depressive disorders are a type of mood disorder that include a number of conditions. They are all characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms. They differ in terms of duration, timing, or presumed etiology.  Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder  Major depressive disorder  Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
 Other or unspecified depressive disorder  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder  Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder  Depressive disorder due to another medical condition 11. Neurological Disorders Neurocognitive disorders are characterized by acquired deficits in cognitive function. These disorders do not include those in which impaired cognition was present at birth or early in life. Types of cognitive disorders include:  Delirium  Neurocognitive Disorders 12. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric condition that affects a person’s thinking, feeling, and behavior. It is a complex, long-term condition 13. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 specify that in order to be diagnosed with obsessive- compulsive disorder, a person must experience obsessions, compulsions, or both.  Obsessions: defined as recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses, and urges that lead to distress or anxiety  Compulsions: repetitive and excessive behaviors that the individual feels that they must perform. These actions are performed to reduce anxiety or to prevent some dreaded outcome from occurring. 14. Personality Disorders Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring pattern of maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that can cause serious detriments to relationships and other life areas. Factors that Affect Mental Disorders 1. Heredity This is the most frequent with family histories revealing mental illness. 2. Incestuous Marriage Blood incompatibility of parents, maternal infection during the early stages of pregnancy are some disorders associated with incestuous disorders. 3. Impaired Vitality Mental worry, grief, physical strain, unhygienic surroundings, infections and birth trauma may predispose a person to mental disorders. 4. Poor Moral Values Training and Breeding Improper breeding and poor moral values training particularly those affecting free will and self-control undesirable associations, etc. may result in an impaired mental state. 5. Psychic Factors Emotional disturbances, such as love, hatred, passion, frustration and disappointment. 6. Physical Factors a) Non-toxic - Exhaustion resulting from severe physical and mental strain, cerebral hemorrhage, trauma on the skull affecting the brain. b) Toxic - This may be produced by excessive formation of deficient elimination of waste products; by infection, or excessive use of certain drugs. SOME MANIFESTATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS 1. COGNITIVE DISORDER – KNOWING a. Perception Disorder 1. Illusion