Title IoT-Applications.pdf ✅

Unit 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF IoT 1. INTRODUCTION TO IoT  Today the Internet has become ubiquitous, has touched almost every corner of the globe, and is affecting human life in unimaginable ways.  We are now entering an era of even more pervasive connectivity where a very wide variety of appliances will be connected to the web.  One year after the past edition of the Clusterbook 2012 it can be clearly statedthat the Internet of Things (IoT) has reached many different players and gainedfurther recognition. Out of the potential Internet of Things application areas,Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and mobility, Smart Home and assistedliving, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy & environmental protection,Agriculture and Tourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem (Figure 1.1) haveacquired high attention. IoT Ecosystem.  We are entering an era of the “Internet of Things” (abbreviated as IoT).There are 2 definitions: First one is defined by Vermesan and second by Pe ̃na-L ́opez 1. The Internet of Things as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The digital world interacts with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators. 2. Another is the Internet of Things is defined as a paradigm in which computing and networking capabilities are embedded in any kind of conceivable object. bcanepaltu.com
 We use these capabilities to query the state of the object and to change its state if possible.  In common parlance, the Internet of Things refers to a new kind of world where almost all the devices and appliances that we use are connected to a network.  We can use them collaboratively to achieve complex tasks that require a high degree of intelligence.  For this intelligence and interconnection, IoT devices areequipped with embedded sensors, actuators, processors, andtransceivers.  IoT is not a single technology; rather it is anagglomeration of various technologies that work together intandem.  Sensors and actuators are devices, which help in interactingwith the physical environment.  The data collected by thesensors has to be stored and processed intelligently in order toderive useful inferences from it.  Note that we broadly definethe term sensor; a mobile phone or even a microwave ovencan count as a sensor as long as it provides inputs about itscurrent state (internal state + environment).  An actuator is adevice that is used to effect a change in the environment suchas the temperature controller of an air conditioner.  The storage and processing of data can be done on theedge of the network itself or in a remote server.  If any preprocessingof data is possible, then it is typically done at eitherthe sensor or some other proximate device.  The processeddata is then typically sent to a remote server.  The storageand processing capabilities of an IoT object are also restrictedby the resources available, which are often very constraineddue to limitations of size, energy, power, and computationalcapability.  As a result the main research challenge is toensure that we get the right kind of data at the desired levelof accuracy.  Along with the challenges of data collection, and handling, there are challenges in communication aswell.  The communication between IoT devices is mainlywireless because they are generally installed at geographicallydispersed locations.  The wireless channels often have high rates of distortion and are unreliable.  In this scenario reliablycommunicating data without too many retransmissions is animportant problem and thus communication technologiesare integral to the study of IoT devices.  We can directly modify the physical world through actuators or we may do something virtually. For example,we can send some information to other smart things. bcanepaltu.com
 The process of effecting a change in the physical world is often dependent on its state at that point of time. This is called context awareness. Each action is taken keeping in consideration the context because an application can behave differently in different contexts.  For example, a person may not like messages from his office to interrupt him when he is on vacation. Sensors, actuators, compute servers, and the communication network form the core infrastructure of an IoT framework. However, there are many software aspects that need to be considered.  First, we need a middleware that can be used to connect and manage all of these heterogeneous components. We need a lot of standardization to connect many different devices.  The Internet of Things finds various applications in health care, fitness, education, entertainment, social life, energy conservation, environment monitoring, home automation, and transport systems. 1.2 TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED IN IOT DEVELOPMENT: INTERNET/WEB AND NETWORKING BASICS OSI MODEL  Networking technologies enable IoT devices to communicate with other devices, applications, and services running in the cloud.  The internet relies on standardized protocols to ensure communication between heterogeneous devices is secure and reliable.  Standard protocols specify rules and formats that devices use to establish and manage networks and transmit data across those networks.  Networks are built as a “stack” of technologies. A technology such as Bluetooth LE is at the bottom of the stack.  While others such as such as IPv6 technologies (which is responsible for the logical device addressing and routing of network traffic) are further up the stack. Technologies at the top of the stack are used by the applications that are running on top of those layers, such as message queuing technologies.  This article describes widely adopted technologies and standards for IoT networking. It also provides guidance for choosing one network protocol over another. It then discusses key considerations and challenges related to networking within IoT: range, bandwidth, power usage, intermittent connectivity, interoperability, and security. bcanepaltu.com
NETWORKING STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGIES  The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is an ISO-standard abstract model is a stack of seven protocol layers.  From the top down, they are: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link and physical. TCP/IP, or the Internet Protocol suite, underpins the internet, and it provides a simplified concrete implementation of these layers in the OSI model. Figure 1. OSI and TCP/IP networking models The TCP/IP model includes only four layers, merging some of the OSI model layers:  Network Access & Physical Layer This TCP/IP Layer subsumes both OSI layers 1 and 2. The physical (PHY) layer (Layer 1 of OSI) governs how each device is physically connected to the network with hardware, for example with an optic cable, wires, or radio in the case of wireless network like wifi IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n). At the link layer (Layer 2 of OSI), devices are identified by a MAC address, and protocols at this level are concerned with physical addressing, such as how switches deliver frames to devices on the network.  Internet Layer This layer maps to the OSI Layer 3 (network layer). OSI Layer 3 relates to logical addressing. Protocols at this layer define how routers deliver packets of data bcanepaltu.com