Title 01 Malnutrition and Infection: Complex Mechanisms and Global Burden_ Prof. Dr. dr. Soedarsono, Sp.P (K) ✅

Soedarsono Nutrition and Infection: Complex Mechanism and Global Burden
Key Fact on Malnutrition • Malnutrition ⁓ 462 million are underweight, while 1.9 billion adults are overweight or obese • Globally in 2022 ⁓ 149 million children under 5 were estimated to be stunted (too short for age) ⁓ 45 million were estimated to be wasted (too thin for height) ⁓ 37 million were overweight or obese • Nearly half of deaths among children under 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition. ⁓ These mostly occur in low- and middle-income countries. • The impact of the global burden of malnutrition on the economy, society and health is very serious both for individuals and their families, for society and for countries. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition
Nutrition and Immunity • Nutritional status is one of the most important determinants of resistance to infection1 › nutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immune functions1 • Malnutrition limits cell mediated immunity and increases susceptibility to infection, › infection can lead to nutritional stress and weight loss, thereby weakening immune function and nutritional status.2 • Generalized malnutrition can cause significant impairment of several important mechanisms of immune protection, including › cell-mediated immunity, phagocytic function, antibody concentration, and cytokine production1 1. Nutrition. Apr 1999;15(4):321-322 2. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. Feb 2004;8(2):211-217
Relationship between Nutrition and Infection • the relationship between infection and malnutrition is bidirectional • Infection adversely affects nutritional status through reductions in dietary intake and intestinal absorption, increased catabolism and sequestration of nutrients that are required for tissue synthesis and growth • On the other hand, malnutrition can predispose to infection because of its negative impact on the barrier protection afforded by the skin and mucous membranes and by inducing alterations in host immune function J. Nutr. 133: 328S–332S, 2003