Title NCM 111 PRELIMS ✅

NCM 111 BY TONS and MADS WEEK 1: Aug. 3-9, 2023 OVERVIEW OF NURSING RESEARCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ok0TIZDTlzs Book: Chapter 1 Page 3 RESEARCH ● Systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions and solve problems. ● Ultimate goal: develop, refine & expand body of knowledge. ● Associated w/ theory development ● Systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance to nursing ● Scientific process that validates & refines existing knowledge & generates new knowledge that directly & indirectly influences clinical nursing practice ● Formal, rigorous & intensive process used for solutions to nursing problems or discover & interpret new facts & trends in clinical practice, nursing education or nursing administration ● Rigorous guidelines to produce unbiased, trustworthy answers to questions about nursing practice ● Systematic collection & analysis of data to illuminate, describe or explain new facts & relationships; attempt to find solutions to problems ● Testing of knowledge that can be used to guide nursing practice (NCNR)- An honest, scientific investigation undertaken for purpose of discovering new facts w/c will contribute to body of knowledge & can lead to effective solution to existing problems. ● Involves careful critical thinking to revise or revalidate accepted conclusions & previously held concepts or to establish generalizations or principles. ● Purpose of National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR): promote and financially support research projects and training relating to patient care ● Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM): promulgated the view that research findings were far superior to the opinions of authorities as a basis for clinical decisions, constituted a profound shift for medical education and practice, and has had a major effect on all healthcare professions. ● Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (AHRQ): federal agency, charged with supporting designed to improve quality of healthcare, reduce health costs, and enhance patient safety, and plays pivotal role in expansion of EBP NURSING RESEARCH ● Research designed to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients. ● Scientific inquiry on problems and issues related to nursing practice. ● Effective nursing care in a complex healthcare system requires knowledge, skills, the right attitude and expertise needed in decision making and in repertoire of tasks on which human life depends. ● Nurses are performing clinical responsibilities at time with nursing profession and larger healthcare systems require an extraordinary range of skills and talents. ● Nurses are expected to deliver competent high quality care in a compassionate but cost effective manner to accomplish these diverse goals. ● Nurses continually need to access, evaluate new information and incorporate it into clinical decision making. ● In today's world nurses must become lifelong learners (cpd units) to earn capable of reflecting on evaluating and modifying clinical practice based on emerging knowledge from systematic nursing and healthcare research. ● Nurses are increasingly engaged in disciplined studies that benefit the profession and its clients. ● Systematic inquiry is designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to the nursing profession including nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration, and nursing informatics. ● A need to engage in clinical nursing research CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH ●Research designed to guide nursing practice & to improve the health & quality of life of nurses’ clients. ●Typically begins with questions stemming from practice-related problems RESEARCH IN NURSING ●All disciplines including nursing depend on scientific investigation to enrich pool of knowledge, deepen context, and improve our nursing practice. ●Nursing emerged as a profession when nurses started using systematic, orderly, and objective methods of seeking information derived from research - nursing uses EBP. We do not just follow things that are considered done traditionally without any evidence of research. ●Goal of nursing or nursing science: strengthen body of abstract knowledge from continuous scientific researches and logical analysis capable of being translated to nursing practice. ●Nursing research serves the need of nurses for direction in helping solve today's problems in sustaining human life in face of technological changes that threaten life. ●Nurses must have access to and understanding of patients feelings when contemplating on nursing care interventions to alleviate man's health problems ●Research problems may arise from altruistic desire to improve nursing practice through more effective ways of helping patients recover from illness or cope with health problems ○ For example: nurses might be concerned with best approach in teaching client with diabetes mellitus who is expected to have other actual or potential health problems such as hypertension, retinopathy, problems with nerve damage in extremities ○ Continuous care should be done in order for patient to cope with this problem. ●Scientific research - concerned with the best approach in teaching people how to promote health and prevent illness, ○ Very specific to our core in nursing, we need to teach patients rather health promotive behavior. The Consumer–Producer Continuum in Nursing Research ● One end of the continuum: consumers of nursing research, read research reports or research summaries for relevant findings that might affect their practice. ● Other end: producers of nursing research: nurses who actively participate in generating evidence by doing research. Current and Future Directions for Nursing Research Among the trends we foresee for the early 21st century: 1. Continued focus on EBP. Encouragement for nurses to engage in evidence-based patient care continues. In turn, improvements will be needed in the quality of studies and skills in locating, understanding, critiquing, and using relevant study results. Translational research— how findings from studies can best be translated into nursing practice. 2. Development of stronger evidence base through multiple, confirmatory strategies. Strong research 1
NCM 111 BY TONS and MADS designs are essential, & confirmation needed through replication of studies w/ different clients, different clinical settings and times to ensure findings are robust. 3. Greater emphasis on systematic reviews. cornerstone of EBP, and take on increased importance in all health disciplines. Purpose of SR: amass and integrate comprehensive research information on a topic, to draw conclusions about the state of evidence. 4. Expanded local research in healthcare settings. In current evidence-based environment, increase of small, localized research designed to solve immediate problems. Mechanisms need to be developed to ensure evidence becomes available to others facing similar problems. 5. Strengthening of interdisciplinary (&intra) collaboration. Collaboration of nurses with researchers in related fields is likely to continue to expand in 21st century as researchers address fundamental problems at biobehavioral & psychobiologic interface. Lead to nurse researchers playing more prominent role in national & international healthcare policies. 6. Expanded dissemination of research findings. Internet and other electronic communication have a big impact on disseminating research information helps to promote EBP. 7. Increasing the visibility of nursing research. Nurse researchers must market themselves and their research to professional organizations, consumer organizations, governments, and the corporate world to increase support for their research. 8. Increased focus on cultural issues and health disparities. Ecological validity, study designs and findings have relevance in a variety of real-world contexts. There is growing awareness that research must be sensitive to health beliefs, behaviors, and values of culturally and linguistically diverse populations. 9. Shared decision making. Putting patients in a more central role in their decision-making about healthcare. Rationale for Conducting Clinical Nursing Research ● Nursing problems & issues are integral to work situation. ● Personal satisfaction is derived from finding better ways of providing nursing care. ● No one has greater access to the client than nurse ● It could be therapeutic & enjoyable for the client to participate in clinical research. ● Clinical research is a practical way for a nurse to help improve the health care of the sick & well individuals. Nursing Research VS. Research in Nursing ● Nursing Research - research done on addressing health concerns of CLIENTS & application of research in their CARE. Systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nursing profession, including practice, education, administration, & informatics. ● Research in Nursing - studies on particular concerns of nurses themselves Identification of a Problem ● most important & most difficult step in the research process. ● area of concern in w/c there is a gap in knowledge base needed in the nursing practice. ● Initial question: Are there questions about this problem to w/c answers have not yet been developed? PROBLEM & PURPOSE ● Problem - question or difficulty that study SEEK to solve ● Purpose - outcome being intended w/c is the solution of the problem Guideposts in Determining Problem Research Ability ● NO available answers to explain existing gap in knowledge. ● Available solutions are NOT known or are untested. ● Possible results, answers or solutions appear to be, or in fact contradictory. ● There are possible & plausible explanations for existence of an undesirable condition. ● Phenomenon exists w/c requires clarification & or explanation. Sources of Problems 1. Field of Specialization. 2. Personal & professional experiences & interest. 3. Instructional Programs 4. Reading programs. 5. Literature sources & previous research studies. 6. Organizational structure, Policies & Interpersonal Relationships. 7. New Technologies. 8. Conflicting Ideas & Ideals. 9. Journals, Books, Theses or Dissertations & Mass Media 10. Theories & Principles Affecting certain Phenomena 11. Problem Areas in Nursing: Administration of Nursing Service & Education Clinical Specialization 12. Problem Situations & Issues 13. Suggestions of Experts & Authorities Criteria for Choice of Problems A.External Criteria a. Significance of Novelty of the Problem i. The novelty & practical value of the study due to its “Newness” or practical value in the field of inquiry, its solution contributes knowledge to the field. ii. Significance: is problem is worth studying? iii. Consider the following: 1. Is problem critical enough to prove the difference b/n what is “ideal” & what is “real”? 2. Will its solution improve the practice of nursing & bring about change in nursing practitioner? 3. What contributions or meaning will it give to different sectors or beneficiaries of the study? b. Problem Researchability i. Not all problems can be investigated scientifically. ii. Research problems must be researchable & manageable. iii. Nature & scope are specific & well-defined c. Feasibility of the Problem i. Potential of research investigation to be successfully pursued to its conclusion given certain conditions. ii. Established when the ff criteria is meet: 1. Time 2. Availability of subjects 3. Institutional/Administrative control & support group 4. Research resources 5. Fiscal resources 6. Capability of the researcher 7. Ethical considerations B. Internal Criteria a. Motivation, Interest, Intellectual Curiosity & Perceptiveness of the RESEARCHER b. Experience, Training & Professional Qualifications c. Time Management d. Costs & Returns e. Hazards, Penalties & Handicaps Characteristics & Qualities of Researchable Problems 1. Originality 2. Significance 2
NCM 111 BY TONS and MADS 3. Manageability 4. Measurability 5. Resource Availability Tips for Discovering & Identifying a Problem 1. Reading a lot of literature. 2. Attending professional lectures, research colloquia or seminars. 3. Close observation of situations & happenings relevant to the chosen field of specialization. 4. Contemplating the possibility of research for most topics or lessons taking in content courses. 5. Conducting & compiling researches w/ special emphasis on content & methodology. 6. Visiting various libraries for possible discovery of researchable topics. 7. Subscribing professional journal & other reading materials in one’s field & in research. 8. Building up a library of materials in nursing. Research Variables Variables ● qualities, properties, or characteristics of people, things, events or situations under study that vary from one person to another. ● Assessed & measured quantitatively & qualitatively. Characteristics of Research Variables A. Have 2 or more mutually exclusive values or properties that can be qualitatively or quantitatively measured. B. They are varying factors that affect the phenomenon, situations or cases under study. C. They are varying qualities of people, institutions, situations or statuses. D. Can be heterogeneous when the attributes or characteristics of a group being studied are extremely VARIED. E. Can be homogeneous if the attributes or characteristics of the group being studied have LIMITED variability. Kinds of Variables A. Explanatory Variable -phenomenon under study that VARIES or assumes different values. -The focus of the research indicates DIRECT influence to what the researcher would like to discover, & not merely establishing a direct causal link between the persons, objects or things being studied. a. Independent Variable (IV) - factors that can be MANIPULATED & the focus of inquiry. b. Dependent Variable (DV) - the factor that is affected or INFLUENCED by the independent variable. c. Intervening Variable - factor that exists between the IV & DV. It explains WHY relationships exist & bears influence the effect of the IV on the DV. d. Moderator Variable - factor that AFFECTS the strength or direction of the relationship b/n the IV & DV. B. Extraneous or Exogenous Variables - these are NOT THE FOCI of the study, tend to affect to a certain extent. These are not the direct interest of researchers, & must be controlled or eliminated in order that hypotheses can be validly tested. a. Organismic Variables - these are psychological, physiological & demographic factors that could affect the outcome of the study. b. Environmental Variables - economic, anthropological, sociological & physical factors that influence the phenomenon under study. C. Abstract or Continuous Variables - factors that have different values w/c are quantitatively measured & statistically tested through hypotheses. D. Dichotomous Variables - these are factors w/ only 2 values, used in comparative studies & specifically identified in the hypotheses. E. Active Variables - factors w/c the researcher creates &/or manipulates. Commonly used in experimental studies. F. Attribute Variables - pre-existing characteristics of subjects w/c the researcher simply observes & measures. WEEK 2: Aug. 7-12, 2023 GOALS AND PURPOSES OF CONDUCTING NURSING RESEARCH https://youtu.be/TY4IaUIcjsE Nursing research ● General purpose: ANSWER questions or SOLVE problems of relevance to nursing ● important within context of promotion and maintenance of health prevention and cure of illness, habilitation and rehabilitation of disabled and handicapped Goals of Nursing Research 1. Efficiency & Effectiveness in Nursing Care a. Primary reason: to foster optimum care for clients and provide service to society based on accurate knowledge b. Scientific method is conceived to be the most objective systematic way of obtaining this knowledge c. Research intended to identify clinical problems, iits causes, diagnosis, nursing care interventions and evaluation of nursing care outcome d. Research findings as basis of knowledge enables nurses to describe, explain, predict, and control phenomena related to health of clients e. Nursing care can be implemented systematically and safely 2. Worthiness & Value of Nursing Profession to Society a. healthcare is indispensable to man's survival and nursing care is one of its major components b. enable nurses to deliver quality care is to make use of the most recent research findings that provide proofs or evidences to validate & justify appropriateness & adequacy of nursing care c. nursing research is concerned with promotion of health in growth and development process, the prevention of diseases and the habilitation or rehabilitation of clients for a more meaningful and productive life 3. Identifying, Implementing, & Evaluating Effective Health Care Modalities a. nursing research enables nurses to cautiously assess individuals and groups as basis for planning accurate nursing interventions b. inclusion of all factors such as biologicals physiological social behavioral spiritual and environmental components that influence health and disease in stages of development have become basis for nursing research which will ultimately lead to accurate decisions and actions 4. Clinical Nursing Research has the Potential for Providing Quality Care of Clients It is concerned with the following tasks: a. systematic study of nursing problems or phenomena using nursing process 3