Title 3. Population.pdf ✅

POPULATION 3 CHAPTER CONTENTS F Size F Distribution F Age sex composition F Migration F Literacy F Health F Occupational Structure F National Population Policy F Adolescents ➢ POPULATION Population is the total number of people living in a country at a given point of time. The people, who constitute the population, act as the producers as well as the consumers of goods and services.  The main objective of studying population is to estimate : 1. The total manpower available for production. 2. The total amount of goods and services required for their consumption.  Three major aspects of the population : 1. Population size and distribution : How many people are there and where are they located ? 2. Population growth and processes of population change : How the population has grown and changed through time? 3. Characteristics or qualities of the population : What are their age, sex-composition, literacy levels, occupational structure and health conditions ?.  Population size and distribution : Population size and distribution is estimated by census. Census : It is the process of collection, compilation and publication of information relating to different aspects of people living in a country at a specific time. A census is an official enumeration of population done periodically. India’s population as on March 2001 stood at 1.028 million which accounts for 16.7 % of the world population. These 1.02 billion people are unevenly distributed over our country’s vast area of 3.28 million km2 , which accounts for 2.4 % of the world area. According to 2001 census data reveals that Uttar Pradesh with a population size of 166 million people is the most populous state of India. Uttar Pradesh accounts for about 16 % of the country’s population. Sikkim has population of 0.5 million and Lakshadweep has only 60 thousand people. Almost half of India’s population lives in five states. These are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan the biggest state in terms of area, has only 5.5 %of the population of India.
➢ INDIA'S POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DENSITY  Population Density : It is calculated as the number of persons per unit area. India is one of the most densely populated countries of the world. The population density of India in the year 2001 was 324 persons per sq. km.  Densely Populated Areas : There are those areas which have population of more than 300 persons per sq. km. The population is dense due to fertile soil and good rainfall or sufficient irrigation facilities. Area - Satluj and Gangetic Plain, Malabar Coastal Plain, Coromandal coast.  States : Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.  Medium Density : These are those areas which have population about 100 - 300 persons per sq. km. Area : Brahmputra valley, industrial area. States : Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Orissa Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.  Thinly populated : These are those areas which have population less than 100 persons per sq. km. Area : Great Indian Desert, Hills of north eastern states. States : Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. ➢ POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESS OF POPULATION CHANGE ➢ Population growth and Process of Population change  Population growth : Magnitude and Pace are two important element of population increases.  Magnitude : It refers to the number of person added each year or each decade to a given population.  Pace : It refers to the speed or the rate at which the increase take place. It is recorded in percent per year. Population Growth : It refers to the change in number of inhabitants of a country during a specified period of time. (during the last 10 years). ➢ PROCESS OF POPULATION CHANGE There are three main processes of change of population, birth rates, death rates and migration.  Birth rate : It is the number of live births per thousand person in a year.  Death rate : It is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year.  Migration : It is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (with in the country) or international (between the countries).  Internal Migration : It is that under which people move from one part of the country to other.  Reasons of Internal Migration : 1. Rising population in rural areas. 2. Lack of demand for labour in agriculture. 3. Increased employment opportunities, better education and living standards in Urban areas. 4. Expansion of industrial and service sectors in Urban areas.  International migration : Movement of people from one country to another is known as international migration.
 Causes of Rapid growth of Population : 1. High Birth Rate 2. Decline in Death Rate 3. Child Marriage 4. Poverty 5. Marriage as a Necessity 6. Illiteracy ➢ AGE COMPOSITION It refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country.  Children (0-14 age group) : They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care.  Working age : (15 - 59 years) : They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population.  Aged : (above 59 year) : They can be economically productive though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily but they are not available for employment through recruitment. ➢ SEX RATIO It is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.  Literacy Rates : It is a very important quality of a population. Only an informed and educated citizen can make intelligent choices and undertake research and development project.  Literate : A person aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language is trealed as literate. Literacy rate according to the census 2001 India : 64.84 % Males : 75.26 % Females : 53.67 % ➢ OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as the occupational structure. 1. Primary Sector : Agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, logging, fishery etc. are collectively known as Primary activities. These are primary because production is carried on with the help of nature. 2. Secondary Sector : Manufacturing industries are known as secondary activities. All manufacturing units like small scale industry large scale industry, construction work etc. 3. Tertiary sector : It is a sector which provides services to both primary as well as secondary sector. It include transport, communication, banking, insurance, public administration etc. ➢ HEALTH Health does not mean survival only, it concerns physical, mental, economic and social well being of an individual as well. It is an important component of population composition, which affects the process of development.
 Improvement in the Health Status : 1. Diseases like small pox and plague have been eradicated. Malaria has been brought under control. 2. The mortality rate, too has been reduced to less than half. 3. Life expectancy has gone upto 61 years in 2001 from a mere 41 years during 1951-61. 4. Government has created an extensive network of community Health centres and Primary Health Centres. ➢ ADOLESCENT POPULATION Adolescents are generally grouped in the age group of 10-19 years,. It constitutes one fifth of the total population of India. They are the most important resources for the future. Nutrition requirements of adolescents are higher than those of a normal child or adult. Poor nutrition can lead to deficiency and stunted growth. A large number of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia. The adolescent girls have to be sensitised can be improved through the spread of literacy and education among them.  National Population Policy : 1. The government of India initiated the comprehensive family planning programme in 1952. 2. The family welfare programme has sought to promote responsible and planned parenthood on a voluntary basis. 3. The national population policy 2000 is a culmination of years of planned efforts.  Family welfare programme : 1. Provides free and compulsory school education up to 14 years. 2. Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per thousand live births. 3. Promoting delayed marriage for girls. 4. Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable disease. 5. Making family welfare a people centred programme. ➢ NPP 2000 AND ADOLESCENTS NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need greater attention.  Major objectives of the policy : 1. To fulfill nutritional requirements 2. Protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. 3. Encouraging delayed marriage and child bearing. 4. Education of adolescents about the risk of unprotected sex. 5. Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable. 6. Providing food supplements. 7. Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage. GLOSSARY 1. Natural resources : They are various useful gifts which are provided by nature like soil, water, minerals etc.