Title Science-Readings-2.pdf ✅

Academic- Academic-Clinic.com Clinic.com Clinic.com The achiever’s guide to academic life and beyond... Website: http://academic-clinic.com Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/academic.clinic Twitter: http://twitter.com/acadclinic College entrance exam and science high school entrance test tips. Conquer UPCAT, ACET, USTET, DLSUCET, PSHS-NCE, and other entrance tests. Science II - 1 - Feel free to pass this on to your friends, but please don’t post it online. Discuss UPCAT and other college entrance exam questions and answers at Academic-Clinic’s Facebook Page. We encourage you to answer the questions we post there and actively participate in the discussions on our wall. For UPCAT, ACET, DLSUCET and USTET tips, tricks, news and other college entrance exam information, visit the Academic-Clinic website. Tell your friends and classmates to come find and join us. The more, the merrier. Good luck! BIOLOGY POINTERS BASIC CONCEPTS AND LAWS Biology - the area of science dealing with living things. It includes biological concepts and process skills, technology and attitudes and values for addressing the needs and problems of society. In recent years, the development of techniques in genetic engineering and increased understanding of the molecular basis of cellular processes have led to the emergence of a new and exciting field of scientific research called biotechnology. Introduction ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - characterized by the presence of carbon. a. Carbohydrates - are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (e.g., sugar, starches, and cellulose) atoms. They have the general formula CnH2nOn. Their sizes range from the small simple sugars like glucose and fructose to the large and complex forms like starch and glycogen. Only the simple sugars (monosaccharides) can easily pass across cell membranes. Most carbohydrates serve as energy molecules or energy reserves in living organisms. Cellulose - gives strength and protection to plant cells. b. Lipids – are macromolecules such as fats, oils and waxes. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The building blocks used to form fats are fatty acids and glycerol. Some excess food in the body is stored as fats. Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as oils. Waxes serves as protective body covering to organisms. They make plant and animal tissues water-resistant. c. Proteins - are made up of repeating units of amino acids. They are a component of the muscles and all other tissues. In the form of enzymes, they control the rate of chemical reactions inside the cell. Without the enzymes, such chemical processes hardly occur. d. Enzymes - are proteins that act as catalysts (substances that can increase or speed up chemical reaction). Enzymes are specific in their actions. They are not used up in the reaction. e. Nucleic Acids - are carriers of hereditary information in living organisms. What an organism looks like, and what it can do, are controlled by nucleic acids. f. Vitamins - are substances necessary in very small amount for body growth and activity. They are also needed to prevent certain diseases. Vitamins are organic substances essential to life but not required as energy sources. The sources of most Vitamins are plants and bacteria.
Academic- Academic-Clinic.com Clinic.com Clinic.com The achiever’s guide to academic life and beyond... Website: http://academic-clinic.com Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/academic.clinic Twitter: http://twitter.com/acadclinic College entrance exam and science high school entrance test tips. Conquer UPCAT, ACET, USTET, DLSUCET, PSHS-NCE, and other entrance tests. Science II - 2 - Feel free to pass this on to your friends, but please don’t post it online. Discuss UPCAT and other college entrance exam questions and answers at Academic-Clinic’s Facebook Page. We encourage you to answer the questions we post there and actively participate in the discussions on our wall. For UPCAT, ACET, DLSUCET and USTET tips, tricks, news and other college entrance exam information, visit the Academic-Clinic website. Tell your friends and classmates to come find and join us. The more, the merrier. Good luck! INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - characterized by the absence of carbon. a. Water - is the most abundant inorganic compound. About 65% to 95% of the substances of every living thing is water. It is the medium of transport for food, minerals and other substances in living system. b. Carbon dioxide - supplies the carbon found in substances made by living things. - are chemical elements or compounds occurring naturally. They may come from the soil maybe dissolved in water, or maybe found as salt in seawater. Minerals are absorbed by plant roots in the form of ions. LIFE FUNCTIONS - All living things carry out certain activities or functions in order to maintain life. a. Nutrition is the process of ingesting and absorbing food to provide the energy for life, promote growth, and repair or replace damages tissues. b. Transport involves movement of nutrients water, ions, and other materials into and out of the various cells and tissues of organisms. This process includes absorption of small molecules across cell membranes and secretion of biochemicals such as enzymes, mucous, and hormones. In many species, the circulatory system plays an important role in transport. c. Metabolism includes the process by which nutrients and simple molecules are used to form more complex molecules for growth, repair, and reproduction (anabolism). Metabolism also includes the process of breaking down complex molecules to release energy from chemical bonds (catabolism) and to provide small molecules such as simple sugars and amino acids as budding blocks for more complex molecules (anabolism). d. An internal balance in all aspects of metabolism and biological function is called homeostasis. e. Digestion is a special form of catabolism that breaks food down into smaller molecules and releases energy. f. Absorption allows small molecules to pass through cell membranes throughout the body tissues. This allows for a gas exchange and in some species such as plants and fungi nutrients are obtained by absorption from soil and water. g. The behavior of living things is a response to stimuli in the environment. These stimuli may include things such as light, chemical signals, noise, or a change in the seasons. h. Excretion is the elimination of waste products. i. Reproduction is the process by which an organism produces offspring either sexually or asexually. Its main purpose is for the perpetuation of species. It is classified into two types, namely: 1. Asexual - is the reproduction without the use of gametes or sex cells. One parent organism ran reproduce by itself.

Academic- Academic-Clinic.com Clinic.com Clinic.com The achiever’s guide to academic life and beyond... Website: http://academic-clinic.com Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/academic.clinic Twitter: http://twitter.com/acadclinic College entrance exam and science high school entrance test tips. Conquer UPCAT, ACET, USTET, DLSUCET, PSHS-NCE, and other entrance tests. Science II - 4 - Feel free to pass this on to your friends, but please don’t post it online. Discuss UPCAT and other college entrance exam questions and answers at Academic-Clinic’s Facebook Page. We encourage you to answer the questions we post there and actively participate in the discussions on our wall. For UPCAT, ACET, DLSUCET and USTET tips, tricks, news and other college entrance exam information, visit the Academic-Clinic website. Tell your friends and classmates to come find and join us. The more, the merrier. Good luck! - can be rod like, spherical, or spiral in shape, are surrounded by a protective cell wall. - live in a watery environment, whether it is soil moisture, a pond, or the fluid surrounding cells in the human body. Tiny pores in the cell wall enable water and the substances dissolved in it, such as oxygen, to flow into the cell; these pores also allow wastes to flow out. Anatomy of a Simple Bacterium Bacteria cells typically are surrounded by a rigid, protective cell wall. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, regulates passage of materials into and out of the cytoplasm, the semi-fluid that fills the cell. The DNA, located in the nucleoid region, contains the genetic information for the cell. Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis. Many baceteria contain a pilus (plural pili), a structure that extends out of the cell to transfer DNA to another bacterium. The flagellum, found in numerous species, is used for locomotion. Some bacteria contain a plasmid, a small chromososme with extra genes. Others have a capsule, a sticky substance external to the cell wall that protects bacteria from attack by white blood cells. Mesosomes were formerly thought to be structures with unknown functions, but now are know to be artifacts created when cells are prepared for viewing with electron microscopes. Plasma Membrane is a thin membrane pushed up against the inner surface of the prokaryotic cell wall. The plasma membrane, composed of two layers of flexible lipid molecules and interspersed with durable proteins, is both supple and strong. Unlike the cell wall, whose open pores allow the unregulated traffic of materials in and out of the cell, the plasma membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it allows only certain substances to pass through. Thus, the plasma membrane actively separates the cell’s contents from its surrounding fluids. Cytoplasm is the semifluid that fills the cell enclosed in the plasma membrane. Composed of about 65 percent water, the cytoplasm is packed with up to a billion molecules per cell, a rich storehouse that includes enzymes and dissolved nutrients, such as sugars and amino acids. The water provides a favorable environment for the thousands of biochemical reactions that take place in the cell. Within the cytoplasm of all prokaryotes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a complex molecule in the form of a double helix, a shape similar to a spiral staircase.