Title Chapter-3 WC.pdf ✅

4. Slow Fading: Slow changes in signal strength due to larger obstacles, like hills, or gradual changes in the environment. Briefly explain different types of propagation models. Keep the language easy to understand and the answer should be short and crispy. Propagation Models predict how radio signals behave in different environments. Here are the main types: 1. Free Space Model: Assumes no obstacles between the transmitter and receiver. Used for line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios, like satellite communication. 2. Two-Ray Ground Model: Considers both direct path and reflected path from the ground. Useful for long-distance communication with a clear view. 3. Okumura-Hata Model: Designed for urban, suburban, and rural areas. Considers buildings and terrain effects on signal loss. 4. Log-Distance Path Loss Model: General model using distance and environmental factors. Suitable for various scenarios with different path-loss exponents. 5. Empirical Models: Derived from real-world measurements. Examples include COST-231 (for urban areas) and SUI model (for rural areas). Explain the Small Scale Multipath Propagation. keep the explanation short and easy to understand Small Scale Multipath Propagation occurs when a radio signal takes multiple paths to reach the receiver due to reflections, diffractions, and scattering from obstacles like buildings, cars, or trees. 2/8