Title CSC 112 Full Note (Principles of computer organization).pdf ✅

Computer Organization and Architecture Page 2 STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, Von‐Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and multicomputer Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO‐OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro‐operations, logic micro‐operations, shift micro‐operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 Computer Architecture: Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories. Computer Organization: Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control signals, peripherals. EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). Computer Organization Computer Architecture
Computer Organization and Architecture Page 3 Often called microarchitecture (low level) Computer architecture (a bit higher level) Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does not worry much how addition is implemented in hardware) Programmer view (i.e. Programmer has to be aware of which instruction set used) Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals) Logic (Instruction set, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization) How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) What to do ? (Instruction set) GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers S.N. Generation & Description 1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based First generation