Title 3. SYNTAX - LESSON 4. SENTENCES WITHIN SENTENCES (EMBEDDED SENTENCES).docx ✅

3.2. That she complains my neighbours drives me fatigued. (That-clause as Subject) - The “subordinate clauses” are marked by the conjunctions such as: if, whether, wh-words, because, although, while, when, etc. → The phrase markers for them will be the center of Lesson 4-5 III – ABBREVIATED CLAUSAL ANALYSIS (ACA) E.g.4. Mark the clauses for the following sentence: I thought Jim said she burned the toast ⇒ S1[I thought S2[Jim said S3[she burned the toast]]] - “thought” is [trans] → “Jim said she burned the toast” is a direct object - “said” is [trans] → “She burned the toast” is a direct object ⇒ Every clause has a lexical verb. The number of clauses = The number of lexical verbs - A clause can be simultaneously be subordinate (lower) or superordinate (higher) to another clause within a sentence. - The clause that is not subordinate to any other clause is THE MAIN CLAUSE. E.g.5. “I thought Jim said she burned the toast” has the main clause “I thought” ⇒ In phrase markers, THE MAIN CLAUSE will always be the highest clause. - Abbreviated Clausal Analysis (ACA): used to illustrate the main clauses and their relation to each other without focusing on details, using the triangles E.g.6. Draw the ACA for the following sentence: He reminded the men that he was in command at every opportunity. 1. Identify the main lexical verbs: He reminded the men that he was in command at every opportunity. 2. Identify the main clause: He reminded the men that he was in command at every opportunity. 3. Draw the ACA

d. I don’t think that the idea that Robin may get a promotion is upsetting. IV – COMPLEMENTISERS: THAT & WHETHER/IF - “That” is a marker of clausal subordination, used to introduce embedded clauses. → “That”. “If”, “Whether” are used to introduce the embedded clauses and have no lexical meanings, they thus are called “COMPLEMENTISER” ⇒ In phrase marker, “that”, “if”, “whether” fills the C position, forming S’ (S-bar) (See Lesson 2: Yes/No Questions) E.g.8. Draw the phrase marker for the following “that-clause”: that he is a liar *Notes: The complementisers can be covert (not represented) in a subordinate clause → “C” position is empty - Auxiliary-fronting is possible only in MAIN CLAUSES, never in SUBORDINATE CLAUSES (the complementisers and fronted auxiliaries occupy the same C position) - Whether-clauses indicate that the subordinate clauses are interrogative clauses.