Title Computer Networking Notes by Saugat.pdf ✅

Saugat Gautam, BCA, MMC 5. Business Operations: Supports enterprise applications, data management, and transaction processing. 6. Education: Facilitates e-learning, online courses, and virtual classrooms. 7. Research: Enables collaboration among researchers, access to online databases, and remote experimentation. 8. Entertainment: Delivers streaming media, online gaming, and social networking. 9. E-commerce: Supports online shopping, payment processing, and order fulfillment. 10. Telecommunications: Powers mobile networks, satellite communication, and voice over IP (VoIP) services. 1.3 Network Architecture Computer Network Architecture is defined as the physical and logical design of the software, hardware, protocols, and media of the transmission of data. 1. Peer to Peer Network  Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the computers are linked together with equal privilege and responsibilities for processing the data.  Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small environments, usually up to 10 computers.  Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.  Special permissions are assigned to each computer for sharing the resources, but this can lead to a problem if the computer with the resource is down. Advantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:  It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated server.  If one computer stops working but, other computers will not stop working.  It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer manages itself.
Saugat Gautam, BCA, MMC Disadvantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:  In the case of Peer-To-Peer network, it does not contain the centralized system . Therefore, it cannot back up the data as the data is different in different locations.  It has a security issue as the device is managed itself. 2. Client/Server Network  Client/Server network is a network model designed for the end users called clients, to access the resources from a central computer known as Server.  The central controller is known as a server while all other computers in the network are called clients.  A server performs all the major operations such as security and network management.  A server is responsible for managing all the resources such as files, directories, printer, etc.  All the clients communicate with each other through a server. For example, if client1 wants to send some data to client 2, then it first sends the request to the server for the permission. The server sends the response to the client 1 to initiate its communication with the client. Advantages Of Client/Server network:  A Client/Server network contains the centralized system. Therefore we can back up the data easily.  A Client/Server network has a dedicated server that improves the overall performance of the whole system.  Security is better in Client/Server network as a single server administers the shared resources.  It also increases the speed of the sharing resources.
Saugat Gautam, BCA, MMC Disadvantages Of Client/Server network:  Client/Server network is expensive as it requires the server with large memory.  A server has a Network Operating System(NOS) to provide the resources to the clients, but the cost of NOS is very high.  It requires a dedicated network administrator to manage all the resources. 1.4 Types of computer networks 1. LAN (Local Area Network): A LAN is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office building, or school campus. It allows for the sharing of resources like files, printers, and internet connections among connected devices. 2. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): A WLAN is similar to a LAN but uses wireless technology, such as Wi-Fi, to connect devices instead of physical cables. It provides flexibility and mobility within the coverage area, allowing devices to connect to the network without being physically tethered to a specific location. 3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A MAN is a network that covers a larger geographic area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN (typically spanning a city or large campus). It interconnects multiple LANs and other network devices to enable communication and resource sharing over a larger area. 4. WAN (Wide Area Network): A WAN is a network that spans a large geographic area, such as across cities, countries, or even continents. It connects multiple LANs and MANs using long-distance communication technologies like leased lines, fiber optics, or satellite links. The internet is the most prominent example of a WAN. 5. PAN (Personal Area Network): A PAN is the smallest type of network, typically connecting personal devices within the immediate vicinity of an individual, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearable devices. Bluetooth and infrared are common technologies used for establishing PAN connections.