Title HO-M17-GED-Soc.pdf ✅

General Education: Social Science Philippine History Much of the Philippine History tells of the libertarian struggle of the Filipino against colonial rule; Spaniards, Americans and Japanese. But even after the Filipinos gained independence, the influence on our culture of the different colonial rulers is very strong that the present Filipinos is still searching for his real identity. A. Pre-colonial Philippines Barangay was the socio-political unit with Datu as chieftain. Social classes existed: nobles, freeman and slaves (Aliping namamahay and aliping sagui-guilid). The archipelago was divided into barangays, each barangay comprising of 40 – 100 families. Contacts with other nations such as Chinese, Indians and Malays existed. Arab influence Islam religion was brought by Malays. B. Hispanization of the Philippines Magellan led an expedition for Spain to Molucas by sailing west. Such expedition brought him to a group of islands which they called Archipelago of St. Lazaruz (Later renamed Philippines after King Philip II of Spain). They anchored on Homonhon and later sailed to an islet south of Leyte where they had the first mass on March 31, 1521 celebrated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama. While Magellan was killed on April 28 in a battle with Mactan chieftain lapu-Lapu, nevertheless his expedition paved the way for the eventual colonization of the Philippines by Spain. Other Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines: Loaysa Expedition (1525-26) by Father Juan Garcia Jofre De Loaysa Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) by Sebastian Cabot Sayavedra Expedition (1527-1528) by Alvaro de Sayavedra Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos - Reached Mindanaw in Februay 1543 but the natives refused to have any dealing with them. He named the islands of Samar and Leyte Felipinas in honor of Prince Phillip of Spain who later bacame King Phillip II. In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to establish a permanent settlement in the Philippine Island. He concluded blood compact with Sikatuna, chief of Bohol, then a treaty of friendship with Rajah Tupas of Cebu where the first Spanish settlement (San Miguel) was established. It was later renamed Santissismo Nombre de Jesus. Further colonization was made in Visayas and up north. De Goite fortified manila which was under ASulayman, a Muslim chieftain. In 1571, Legazpi established Manila as the capital of the Philippines. 1. Political Changes i. Government was centralized. For 250 years, Philippines was administered through the Council of Indies which transmitted to the Governor General of the Philippines the royal decree that served as guide in the administration of the colony. ii. Provincial governments started with encomiendas which were rewards given by the Spaniards who helped in the pacification of the country. Encomenderos were empowered to collect taxes, protect and convert natives to Catholicism. Due to abuses perpetrated by encomenderos, encomiendas were abolished and replaced by a system of provincial governments:  Provinces are called Alcaldia headed by Alcalde Mayor for pacified areas and Corregimentos headed by Corregidors for unpacified areas.  Cities are called Ayuntamiento headed by two alcalde  Towns are called Pueblos headed by Gobernadorcillo  Barangays were retained and headed by a cabeza de barangay. 2. Economic Policies – mostly characterized by monopoly that favored/benefited the Spaniards i. Taxation – started as a tribute of 0 reales (about one peso) this was abolished in 1884 and personal cedula, poll tax based on income was instituted for residents 18 years of age and above. Taxes were excessive and most of which went into pockets of officials. ii. Forced Labor – male from 16 – 66 years were required to render service to the government for 40 days supposedly with daily allowances and meager food ration.
iii. Encomienda – became the source of corruption of officials, particularly in the sharing of produce between encomienda, workers and landowners. Encomienda means land granted to deserving Spaniards who served the government. iv. Galeon Trade or Manila – Acapulco Trade - Doctrine of Mercantilism (monopoly of goods from colonies) was imposed by Spain. Philippines traded with Acapulco, Mexico in the 16th century and goods were shipped by the Spanish galleons. 3. Tobacco Monopoly – for 100 years the government designated Nueva Ecija, Caayan Valley, Marinduque as tobacco planting districts later than Northern Luzon provinces were included. Tobacco was in great demand in Europe. 4. Religious Influence Christian religion was introduced replacing the paganist anito worship. Friars were responsible for spreading the religion such as Franciscans, Jesuits (1851), Dominicans (1857) and Recollects (1606). Early missionaries learned the dialects of the people and introduced and highly church-oriented literature. Being superstitious were utilized to hold the natives to practice the new religion such that folk Catholicism resulted. Education was controlled by friars. Religious orders found the first school and colleges. University of Sto. Tomas was the first university founded in 1611. Powers of the Governor-General: - The King‘s official representative to the colony - Issues superior decrees - President of the Audiencia which is the highest court on the colony - Vice royal patron in the Philippines which means that he can appoint minor officials and parish priests - Commande-in-Chief of the armed forces - CUMPLASE – The right of the governor to suspend the operation of a Royal Decree coming fron the King if in hid opinion said order would not be benificial to the colony. The usual formula in exercising the right to cumplase was: ―I obey but do not comply.‖ Growth of Filipino Nationalism  It was in the 19th century when national consciousness developed the Sporadic Uprisings started as early as 1574 by Lakandula and followed by Sulayman then by Magalat in 1596. Revolts by Tamblot, Bangkaw, Palaris, Dagohoy, Diego Silang and many others grew intensely about 200 years later. Nationalism (devotion to or advocacy of national unity and independence) developed due to the following factors: opening the Philippines to World Trade;rise of the middle class; racial prejudice; Cavite mutiny and the execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora (GOMBURZA)  Campaign for reforms started with the formation by the middle class Propaganda Movement. Foremost among them where Lopez Jaena, M.H. Del Pilar, and Rizal. The aim of this movement is Assimilation or making the Philippines a province of Spain and allowing the Filipinos to have a representatinve in the Spanish law-making body, the Cortes. The movement failed to attain the reforms they demanded. However, their writings inspired and opened minds of the Filipinos. Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan (Kataastaasans Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng Anak ng Bayan) KKK in July 7, 1892 on a radial platform: to secure independence and freedom of the Philippines by force. The society remained secret until Teodoro Patinio exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil on August 19, 1896. At Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, the Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting ―Long Lived the Philippines‖ thus making the so-called ―Cry of Pugad Lawin”. Pen names of Propaganda Movement and KKK Leaders Dr. Jose Rizal : Dimasalang at Laong Laan Marcelo del Pilar : Plaridel at Dolares Manapat Graciano Lopez-Jeana : Diego Laura Mariano Ponce : Tikbalang, Naning at Kalipulako Antonio Luna : Taga-ilog Jose Maria Panganiban : Jomapa Emilio Jacinto : Dimasilaw, pingkian Andres Bonfacio : Agapito bagumbayan, Maypagasa Pio valenzuela : Madlang-away Apolinario mabini : Bini, Paralitico Juan luna : Buan Emilio Aguinaldo : Magdalo
Philippine Revolution Chronology of Events July 7, 1892 - Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a few others founded the Katipunan (Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) KKK in July 7 on a radial platform: to secure independence and freedom of the Philippines by force. August 19, 1896 – The Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan when Teodoro Patińo exposed what he knew to Fr. Mariano Gil. August 23, 1896 – In the yard of Juan Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino, the Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting ―Long Lived the Philippines‖ thus making the so-called ―Cry of Pugad Lawin”. It officially started the Philippine revolution against Spain. August 30, 1896 – Governor-General Ramon Blanco issued a decree declaring the provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija in a state of war and placing them under martial law. December 30, 1896 – Jose Rizal was executed at the old Bagumbayan Field (Rizal Park today). March 22, 1897 - The Tejeros Convention. The Magdalo faction under Baldomero Aguinaldo and Magdiwang under Mariano Alvarez agreed to convene in Tejeros (now part of Gen. Trias) to settle their differences and to establish a new government that would replace the Katipunan. Elected officers where: Emilio Aguinaldo : President Mariano Trias: Vice President Artemio Ricarte: Captain-General Emiliano Riego de Dios: Director of War Andres Bonifacio: Director of the Interior May 10, 1897 – Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were executed after being found guilty of treason and sedition by a military court. November 1, 1897 – The Biak-na-Bato Constitution was signed. It was prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied, almost word for word the Cuban constitution. It has effectively established the Biak-na-Bato Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo as the President. December 15, 1897 - Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo was signed. The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender. Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong. Spanish – American War April 25, 1898 - the United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. May 1, 1898 - George Dewey led a U.S. naval squadron into Manila Bay in the Philippines and destroyed the anchored Spanish fleet in a leisurely morning engagement that cost only seven American seamen wounded. Manila itself was occupied by U.S. troops by August. May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo arrived in the Philippines and continued the Filipinos‘ fight against the Spaniards. June 12, 1898 - Between four and five in the afternoon, Aguinaldo, in the presence of a huge crowd, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. The Philippine National Flag made in Hongkong by Marcela Agoncillo was officially hoisted for the first time and Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March) composed by Julian Felipe was played. The Act of the Declaration of Independence which was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista was also read. December 10, 1898 - The Spanish-American War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It established the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and allowed the victorious power to purchase the Philippines Islands from Spain for $20 million. December 11, 1898 - US President McKinley proclaimed the policy ―Benevolent Assimilation‖. He emphasized the Filipino should be trained for self-government. American Military-Governors in the Philippines Wesle Merritt ( August 14, 1898 – August 28, 1898) Elwell S. Otis ( August 28, 1898 – May 5, 1900) Arthur MacArthur, Jr. ( May 5, 1900 – July 4, 1901