Title GROUP 2 - Ethics in Research ✅

Written Report (Group 2) |1 Republic of the Philippines DIVISION OF TAGUIG CITY AND PATEROS TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Gen. Santos Ave., Central Bicutan, Taguig City GROUP 2 Ethical Issues in The Conduct of Psychological Research APA Guidelines in Conducting Research Guidelines in Preventing Plagiarism and Fraud Informed Consent Submitted by: Al-Salem, Angel Mae Datumanong, Jehan Espila, Jane Mariel Leorna, Milcris Merto, Noel Psychology 3B
Written Report (Group 2) |2 Republic of the Philippines DIVISION OF TAGUIG CITY AND PATEROS TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Gen. Santos Ave., Central Bicutan, Taguig City ETHICS IN RESEARCH Once you've identified a research idea, formed a hypothesis, and chosen your methods, it's important to recognize the ethical responsibility that comes with involving others in your study. Initially, your research is personal, but as participants and readers engage with your work, they deserve honesty and respect. Ethics, the study of proper action, becomes crucial as your research influences others. This involves maintaining ethical behavior towards both study participants and those impacted by your findings. Research ethics concerns the responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies’ results. Researchers are usually governed by a set of ethical guidelines that assist them to make proper decisions and choose proper actions. In psychological research, the American Psychological Association (APA) maintains a set of ethical principles for research (APA, 2002, 2010). It is not an issue of morality; it concerns the proper conduct of researchers. Researchers have observed their own conduct and reached a consensus regarding acceptable conduct for all researchers. In research, ethical issues must be considered at each step in the research process. Ethical principles are the following: 1. What measurement techniques may be used for certain individuals and certain behaviors 2. How researchers select individuals to participate in studies 3. Which research strategies may be used with certain populations and behaviors 4. Which research designs may be used with certain populations and behaviors 5. How studies may be carried out with individuals 6. How data are analyzed 7. How results are reported The Basic Categories of Ethical Responsibility Researchers hold two fundamental ethical responsibilities:
Written Report (Group 2) |3 Republic of the Philippines DIVISION OF TAGUIG CITY AND PATEROS TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Gen. Santos Ave., Central Bicutan, Taguig City 1. Welfare and Dignity of Participants: Researchers must ensure the welfare and dignity of both human and non-human participants involved in their studies. This includes avoiding any physical, emotional, or psychological harm. Since researchers hold power over their subjects, it is their responsibility to maintain the safety and dignity of participants. Committees like the Institutional Review Board (IRB) (for human participants) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (for non-human subjects) are established to review research proposals and ensure ethical treatment of participants. 2. Accuracy in Reporting: Researchers are responsible for ensuring that their published reports are accurate and truthful representations of the research process and findings. Misrepresentation of data or results undermines the confidence in the scientific method. Issues such as fraud and plagiarism are critical ethical concerns when it comes to research reporting. ETHICAL ISSUES AND HUMAN PARTICIPANTS IN RESEARCH Historical Highlights of Treatment of Human Participants in Research Historically, before World War II, ethical standards for human participants in research were largely left to the moral discretion of individual researchers. It was assumed that personal integrity would protect participants from harm. However, this assumption proved flawed as some researchers conducted unethical experiments, most notably those performed on prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. These atrocities, such as the repeated breaking of bones and exposure to extreme conditions, were exposed after the war, leading to the Nuremberg Trials in 1947. Nuremberg Code: Established in response to inhumane experiments during World War II, the Nuremberg Code outlines ten key principles for the ethical treatment of human research participants. This code laid the groundwork for modern ethical standards in medical and psychological research. Milgram Obedience Study: Conducted in 1963, this study examined participants' willingness to administer electric shocks to others as part of a learning experiment, unaware that the recipients were actors. Although no real harm was inflicted, participants believed they were causing suffering, leading
Written Report (Group 2) |4 Republic of the Philippines DIVISION OF TAGUIG CITY AND PATEROS TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Gen. Santos Ave., Central Bicutan, Taguig City to significant emotional distress and moral dilemmas. This study highlighted ethical concerns in behavioral research. National Research Act (1974): In response to growing concerns about research ethics, this act mandated that institutions receiving federal research funding review research proposals to protect human participants. It established the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, paving the way for regulatory frameworks. Belmont Report (1979): This report outlined three core ethical principles fundamental to modern research regulations: Respect for Persons: Individuals must provide informed consent, and additional protections are required for vulnerable populations. Beneficence: Researchers must minimize risks and maximize potential benefits to participants. Justice: Fairness must govern the selection of research participants, ensuring equitable treatment. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES Ethical Guidelines for the Use and Treatment of Human Participants in Research In the early 1970s, alongside federal efforts to protect human research participants, the American Psychological Association (APA) developed its first comprehensive set of ethical guidelines (1973). Although an APA committee on ethics was formed in 1952, it was only after public criticism of Milgram's obedience study in the 1960s that the APA initiated discussions about a formal code of ethics. The APA guidelines, designed to cover broad ethical concerns in research, have been updated multiple times, with the most recent version published in 2002 and minor changes made in 2010. These guidelines are not rigid rules but general principles to help researchers navigate ethical challenges. The APA Ethics Code provides guidance for psychologists and can be applied by the APA and other institutions. Key elements relevant to human research participants include parts of Standards 2, 3, 4,