Title KEY - R12 NP4.docx ✅

RECALLS 12 NURSING PRACTICE 4 Situation: As a nurse researcher in the research and development center of her hospital, Nurse Rianna is assigned to conduct a research study on the levels of competence of the hospital’s staff nurses. She is given 12 months for the study’s duration. 1. Nurse Rianna is composing her proposal, which design will she use if Rianna wants to assess the competence of the staff nurses upon appointment to the job until their respective retirements? A. Retrospective B. Cross-sectional C. Longitudinal D. Descriptive-correlational Answer is C. Longitudinal – assessment of data is collected over an extended period from appointment until retirement. 2. During the project planning, Rianna realizes that she cannot use randomization for her subjects due to the nature of the work setting. Considering this, what research design should Rianna employ when randomization is not permitted? A. Experimental B. Quasi-experimental C. Prescriptive D. Correlational Answer is B. Quasi-experimental as this design lack randomization to treatment groups. 3. As part of her research, Nurse Rianna plans to implement a new competency-based training design in which she will later evaluate the competency levels of the nurses who underwent and did not participate in the new program. What research design is applicable for Rianna to employ? A. Cross-sectional B. Experimental C. Retrospective D. Descriptive Answer is B. Experimental – there is manipulation in the study, the researcher implements a competency-based training design to the subjects to evaluate their competency levels. The researcher does not aim to describe a phenomena, look for a cause, and it is not stated if data is collected at one point in time. 4. Rianna formulated the hypothesis of her research, which pertains to a simple hypothesis? A. The level of competence is the same for those with clear perception and those who have unclear role perception B. Role perception increase the level of competence among staff nurses C. Level competence is influenced by role perception D. Role perception is not related with the level of competence among staff Answer is B. which has 1 independent variable (role perception) and 1 dependent variable (level of competence). We define a simple hypothesis as a hypothesis that expresses an expected relationship between one independent and one dependent variable. A complex hypothesis is a prediction of a relationship between two (or more) independent variables and/or two (or more) dependent variables. Complex hypotheses sometimes are referred to as multivariate hypotheses because they involve multiple variables. 5. When a competency-based training program for the staff nurses is introduced by Nurse Rianna, which element of experimental research would this action refer to? A. Evaluation B. Manipulation C. Control D. Randomization Answer is B. Manipulation – the experimenter does something (introduction of competency-based training program) for the staff nurses.
6. After formulating the hypothesis and choosing her research design, Rianna plans her data gathering tool. Which of the instruments would yield the MOST ACCURATE data about the competency at entry of the staff nurses? A. Performance evaluation forms based on observation by the immediate superior nurses. B. Interview the director of nursing C. Questioners to be filled up by the nurse managers D. Existing data from transcript of records Answer is A. Performance evaluation forms based on observation by the immediate superiors. 7. Rianna plans to interview the training director about the staff nurses’ performances. What type of sampling would she use if she includes those who happen to be in the training room where the activity is scheduled to be conducted? A. Quota B. Random C. Purpose D. Convenience Answer is D. Convenience. D: AKA accidental sample; entails using the most conveniently available people as study participants. A faculty member who distributes questionnaires to nursing students in a class is using a convenience sample. C: AKA judgmental sampling is based on the belief that researchers’ knowledge about the population can be used to hand-pick sample members. B: involves a selection process in which each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected. A: the researcher identifies population strata and determines how many participants are needed from each stratum. 8. Nurse Rianna is certain that several of the staff nurses who specialize in research settings tend to respond psychologically to the condition of the study. This is referred to as: A. Instrumentation error B. Hawthorne effect C. Halo effect D. Selection effect Answer is B. Hawthorne effect. The staff nurses who know they are included in the study may have bent/ tweaked their normal psychological response to satisfy the condition of the study. D: the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. C: the tendency of observers to be influenced by one characteristic in judging other, unrelated characteristics. For example, if we formed a positive general impression of a person, we would probably be likely to rate that person as intelligent, loyal, and dependable simply because these traits are positively valued. B: Knowledge of being included in the study appears to have affected people’s behavior, thereby obscuring the effect of the variable of interest. A: Bias reflects changes in measuring instruments or methods of measurement between two points of data collection. For example, if we used one measure of stress at baseline and a revised measure at follow-up, any differences might reflect changes in the measuring tool rather than the effect of an independent variable 9. The right of the subject to beneficence is demonstrated by Rianna when she does which of the following? A. Keeps in confidence all information she gathered from the subject B. Assure subjects that their participation will not be used against them C. Secure informed consent of the subjects D. Should not place the subjects at a disadvantage or expose to situations they have not been explicitly prepared Answer is D. Should not place the subjects at a disadvantage or expose to situations they have not been explicitly prepared. Beneficence involves the protection of participants from physical and psychological harm, the protection of participants from exploitation, and the performance of some good (Polit & Beck). A: right to confidentiality C: Informed consent procedures, which provide prospective participants with information needed

D. Allow the subjects to withdraw anytime The answer is D. Allow the subjects to withdraw anytime. Researchers should treat participants as autonomous agents, capable of controlling their own activities. The principle of self-determination means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate in a study, without risking penalty or prejudicial treatment. It also means that people have the right to ask questions, to refuse to give information, and to withdraw from the study. A person’s right to self-determination includes freedom from coercion of any type. Coercion involves explicit or implicit threats of penalty from failing to participate in a study or excessive rewards from agreeing to participate. (Polit & Beck) 14. To prevent manipulation of vulnerable groups, which of the following is the best measure? A. Ensure confidentiality of data described to prospective subjects the nature B. Protect privacy of patients C. Payment of stipends for the subjects D. Secure informed consent The answer is D. secure informed consent. The consent of parents/ guardians and assent of children must be obtained. Written consent must be obtained from legal guardians of mentally or emotionally disabled people as individuals with disability make it impossible for them to weigh the risks and benefits of participation and making informed decisions. Institutionalized people may feel constrained in their ability to give free consent as they might feel that their treatment would be jeopardized by failure to cooperate. Researchers studying institutionalized groups need to emphasize the voluntary nature of participation. C: can be considered mild coercion. B/A: privacy and confidentiality alone cannot assure the prevention of manipulation of vulnerable groups. 15. To ensure the study and the subject’s rights, Mr. Jake adheres to which of the following procedures? A. Covert data B. Informed consent C. Full disclosure D. Debriefing The answer is B. informed consent. Informed consent ensures the participant has right to both self- determination and full disclosure. D: Means providing information about the research to participants AFTER they have given their informed consent to participate, and usually AFTER their participation is completed. It is required if the research involves deception of the participants. (University of Mary Washington) C: Means that the researcher has fully described the nature of the study, the person’s right to refuse participation, the researcher’s responsibilities, and likely risks and benefits. The right to self- determination and the right to full disclosure are the two major elements on which informed consent is based. B: Means that participants have adequate information regarding the research, comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily. A: An investigative strategy in which the researcher's professional identity and academic intentions are hidden, either partially or fully, from those involved in the study. Therefore, research is conducted without the knowledge or consent of those being studied. (Sage Publications) 16. The study is considered to be accomplished when Mr. Jake has achieved which of the following activities? A. Submitted the research report to the CEO B. The result of the study is used by the nurses in the hospital C. Presented the study in research forum D. Published the results in a nursing journal The answer is B. The result of the study is used by the nurses in the hospital. The final step of conducting research is utilizing the findings in practice. Communicating the findings (D, C) is the second to the last step. Situation: Rosa, a new research staff of a tertiary hospital is tasked to conduct a research study about the increased incidence of hospital-acquired infections in the workplace 17. Which of the following is the best tool for data gathering? A. Observation