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3 | P a g e not granted the right to vote. The liberal movement, in which many women had actively participated for years, was divided on granting women political rights. Despite this, they were not allowed to vote in the Assembly's election. Women were only permitted to attend the Frankfurt parliament's meeting in the Church of St. Paul as observers and to sit in the visitors' gallery. Question.2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? Answer.2. When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as: i. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. ii. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. iii. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. iv. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. v. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. vi. They further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help them to become nations. Questio.3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? Answer.3. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, artists represented the country as if it were a person. Nations were portrayed as female figures, the female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in a real life. Thus, in France, she was Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Statues of Marianne were installed in public squares and images were marked on coins and stamps too. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, because the German oak stands for heroism. The importance of the way in which they were portrayed was to remind the public of their national symbols of unity and to persuade them to identify with them. Question.4. Briefly trace the process of German unification. Answer.4. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. Question.5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

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