Content text SEP 2025 BIOLOGY BLESSINGS.pdf
Compiled by Sir Vincent Bayawa BIOLOGY BLESSINGS! • pine trees belong → Gymnosperms • Type of leaf found in pine trees → Needle-like leaves • Mode of pollination in pine trees → Wind pollination • Adaptation of needle-like leaves in pine trees → Reduce water loss • Substance obtained from pine trees used in varnish and turpentine → Resin • Main product of pine trees used in construction → Timber • Angiosperm – Ex. Santan (seeds enclosed in fruits) • Male gamete – found in pollen grain • Female gamete – found in ovule • Male reproductive structure in angiosperms – Stamen (anther + filament) • Female reproductive structure in angiosperms – Carpel/Pistil (stigma, style, ovary) • Embryo – short apical meristem at the tips of shoot → Plumule • Non-vascular plants → Bryophytes • Pteridophytes – Example → Ferns • Molecule responsible for inheritance → DNA • Small moving green organelle responsible for photosynthesis → Chloroplast • Hydrogen + Nitrogen → Ammonia (NH3) • Energy required to remove an electron from an atom → Ionization energy • Sclerenchyma – plant tissue that supports non-growing parts / composed of dead cells • Collenchyma – plant tissue that supports young/growing parts / living cells • Parenchyma – plant tissue for storage and photosynthesis • Smallest particle of an element → Atom • Negatively charged subatomic particle → Electron • Positively charged subatomic particle → Proton • Neutral subatomic particle → Neutron • Process by which plants make food using sunlight → Photosynthesis • Vascular tissue that transports water → Xylem • Vascular tissue that transports food → Phloem • “Sapiens” – means having intelligence / wise • “Homo” – refers to large brain and upright posture • Earliest known human species – “Homo habilis” (handy man) • First human species to use fire – “Homo erectus” • Modern humans – “Homo sapiens” • Organelles associated with the cytomembrane (endomembrane) system → ER, Golgi, Lysosome, Vacuole, Cell Membrane • Control center of the cell → Nucleus • Organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell → Mitochondrion • Site of protein synthesis → Ribosome • Packaging and secretion organelle → Golgi apparatus • Organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plants → Chloroplast • Barrier that regulates entry and exit of substances → Cell membrane • Framework that maintains cell shape → Cytoskeleton • Organelle for digestion of worn-out cell parts → Lysosome
Compiled by Sir Vincent Bayawa • Organelle that stores water, food, and wastes → Vacuole • Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis → Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Type of ER with ribosomes – site of protein synthesis → Rough ER • Type of ER without ribosomes – site of lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage and release → Smooth ER • Double-layered boundary surrounding the nucleus → Nuclear envelope • Most abundant lipid used for insulation → Fats • Basic building blocks of fats → Glycerol and fatty acids • Lipids that form the main component of cell membranes → Phospholipids • Lipids that serve as hormones and structural molecules → Steroids • Waxy lipid layer covering leaves to reduce water loss → Cutin/Wax • Energy storage molecules that yield more energy than carbohydrates → Lipids • Steroid lipid important in animal cell membranes → Cholesterol • Essential fatty acids needed from diet → Omega-3 and Omega-6 • Type of fat solid at room temperature → Saturated fat • Animal source of saturated fat → Butter, lard, fatty meat • Type of fat liquid at room temperature → Unsaturated fat • Plant source of unsaturated fat → Olive oil, sunflower oil, nuts • Lipid stored in adipose tissue for insulation and energy → Triglycerides • Process by which unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats → Hydrogenation • DHA → Docosahexaenoic acid – important for brain and eye development/function • EPA → Eicosapentaenoic acid – helps reduce inflammation and supports heart health • ALA → Alpha-linolenic acid – plant-based omega-3, converted in small amounts to EPA and DHA • Father of science and non-supernatural, believed that Earth is a sphere → Pythagoras of Samos • Believed that everything comes from water → Thales of Miletus • Introduced the concept of “boundless” (Apeiron) as the origin of all things → Anaximander • Believed that air is the primary substance of the universe → Anaximenes • Taught that “change is constant,” known for the idea that everything flows → Heraclitus • Proposed that “nothing changes” and change is an illusion → Parmenides • First to propose that matter is composed of small indivisible particles called atoms → Democritus • Believed that the universe is composed of four basic elements: earth, air, fire, water → Empedocles • Developed the method of questioning to seek truth → Socrates • Student of Socrates, emphasized ideal forms and established the Academy → Plato • Student of Plato, Father of Biology, classified plants and animals → Aristotle
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