Title Endocrine : DM T1 ✅

The stages of T1DM ● Stage 1 – Multiple islet autoantibodies, normal blood glucose, and presymptomatic ● Stage 2 – Multiple islet autoantibodies, raised blood glucose, and presymptomatic ● Stage 3 – Islet autoimmunity, raised blood glucose, and symptomatic ● Stage 4 – Longstanding T1DM Risk Factors (T1DM) 1. Genetic susceptibility : eg higher in dizygotic and monozygotic twin. 2. Others a. Viral infections, particularly respiratory or enterovirus infections b. Diet : high energy food intake → disaccharides and sucrose c. Obesity d. Vitamin D deficiency e. Low birth weight decreases the risk of developing T1DM, while high birth weight for gestational age and lower gestational age at birth may increase the risk for T1DM Risk Factors predisposed to T2DM • Lifestyle: › dietary habits › level of physical inactivity • Overweight/obese • Medications that impact weight and glycaemic status Co-morbid: T1DM • Higher prevalence of autoimmune disease - Anti-TPO (anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody) +/- - Anti-Thyroglobulin antibody. • Recommendation: - Screen of Thyroid Function Test and measurement of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody - at diagnosis and biannually, or earlier if indicated. • Coeliac disease. - Serologic screening using anti-endomysium antibody and or tissue Iman, Izzaty, Nisa, Lissa (19/10/21) Forti