Title Physics Ultra HD Maps.pdf ✅

m Between some elementary particles particularly electron and neutrino m –16 Very short range (» 10 m) m –13 Relative strength = 10 m Mediating particles are bosons Weak Nuclear Force m Force due to virtue of charges m Both attractive and repulsive m Range is infinite –2 m Relative strength = 10 m Mediating particles are photons Electromagnetic force m Force of attraction by virtue of mass m Always attractive in nature m It is weakest fundamental force m Range is infinite m –36 Relative strength = 10 m Mediating particle are graviton Gravitational Force m Acts between nucleons m –15 Short range (Nuclear size » 10 m) m Relative strength = 1 m Mediating particles are mesons Strong nuclear force Systematic attempt to understand natural phenomena in as much detail and depth as possible, and use the knowledge so gained to predict, modify and control phenomena 1 SCIENCE Unification To explain diverse physical phenomenon in terms of few concepts and laws. Reduction To derive the properties of a larger and a more complex problem or system into simpler constituents 5 PRINCIPAL THRUSTS Macroscopic domain Phenomenon at laboratory, terrestrial and celestial scale Mainly dealt by classical physics including mechanics, electrodynamics, optics and thermodynamics Microscopic domain Constitution and structure of matter at the minute scales of atoms and nuclei. Mainly dealt by quantum physics 6 PRINCIPAL DOMAINS 7 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE m Conservation of energy : In an isolated system, total energy remains conserved. m Conservation of linear momentum : In an isolated system, total linear momentum remains conserved. m Conservation of angular momentum : In an isolated system, total angular momentum remains conserved. m Symmetry of nature with respect to translation in time is equivalent to the law of conservation of energy m Symmetry of the laws of nature with respect to translation in space gives rise to conservation of linear momentum m Isotropy of space (no intrinsically preferred direction in space) underlies the law of conservation of angular momentum 8 NATURE OF PHYSICAL LAWS The scientific method involves several interconnected steps: m Systematic observations m Controlled experiments, m Qualitative and quantitative reasoning m Mathematical modelling, prediction and verification or falsification of theories 2 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 3 HYPOTHESIS AND AXIOMS m A hypothesis is a supposition without assuming that it is true. m An axiom is a self-evident truth while a model is a theory proposed to explain observed phenomena. Study of the basic laws of nature and manifestation in different natural phenomenon 4 PHYSICS Chapter 1 Physical World
2 Physical World NCERT Maps 1. Natural sciences does not include [NCERT Pg. 2] (1) Physics (2) Chemistry (3) Biology (4) Social Science 2. Principal thrusts in Physics are [NCERT Pg. 2] (1) Unification (2) Reduction (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of the above 3. Attempt to explain diverse physical phenomenon in terms of a few concepts and laws is called [NCERT Pg. 2] (1) Unification (2) Reduction (3) Fusion (4) All of the above 4. Classical Physics mainly deals with [NCERT Pg. 3] (1) Microscopic phenomenon (2) Macroscopic phenomenon (3) Atomic phenomenon (4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 5. Among the following, choose the incorrect statement [NCERT Pg. 3] (1) The microscopic domain of physics deals with the constitution and structure of matter at the minute scales of atoms and nuclei (2) Classical Physics deals mainly with macroscopic phenomena and includes subjects like Mechanics, Electrodynamics, Optics and Thermodynamics (3) Both of the above (4) None of the above 6. Phenomenon of neutron induced fission of uranimum, which serves as a basis of nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons, was discovered by [NCERT Pg. 5] (1) Hahn and Meitner (2) Einstein (3) Neils Bohr (4) Nicholas Tesla 7. Among the following, the scientists are matched with their major contribution or discovery. Which among the following is incorrectly matched? [NCERT Pg. 5] A Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy B Christiaan Huygens Wave Theory of Light C J.C.Bose X-rays D Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 8. Among the following scientists, the one who is credited for the contribution to theory of condensed matter is [NCERT Pg. 6] (1) Ernest Orlando Lawrence (2) C.V. Raman (3) Ernest Rutherford (4) Lev Davidovich Landau 9. Full form of LASER is [NCERT Pg. 7] (1) Light amplification by shorted extraction of rays (2) Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (3) Long absorption of silent extraction of radiation (4) None of the above 10. Choose the incorrect statement among the following in relation to the electromagnetic waves. [NCERT Pg. 8] (1) Electromagnetic force do not require intervening medium (2) They act over large distances (3) Electromagnetic force is weaker than the gravitational forces (4) Electromagnetc forces may be attractive or repulsive
NCERT Maps Physical World 3 1. Newton, under a common law of gravitation, unified _______ and celestial domains. [NCERT Pg. 10] 2. Symmetry of nature with respect to translation in time is equivalent to law of conservation of ________. [NCERT Pg. 12] 3. Symmetry of nature with respect to translation in space is equivalent to law of conservation of ________ [NCERT Pg. 12] 4. J.J. Thomson is credited for his discovery of ________ [NCERT Pg. 5] 5. Hideki Yukawa is known for his contribution towards ________ forces [NCERT Pg. 6] 6. _______ was discovered by E.O. Lawrence [NCERT Pg. 6] 7. Isotropy of space (no intrinsically preferred direction in space) underlies the law of conservation of ________ [NCERT Pg. 12] 8. The laws of nature are _______ everywhere in the universe. [NCERT Pg. 12] 9. There are ________ fundamental forces in nature. [NCERT Pg. 10] 10. Fundamental forces which has shortest range is ________ force. [NCERT Pg. 9]   
m SI unit is kilogram (kg) m Unified atomic mass unit (u). It is used to measure mass of atoms and molecules m 1 u = 1/12 × mass of one C-12 atom. –27 m 1 u = 1.66 × 10 kg m A complete set of these units, both the base units and derived units is known as system of units. m Old system of units: CGS, FPS and MKS system. m In CGS fundamental units are centimeter, gram and second. m In FPS fundamental units are foot, pound and second. m In MKS fundamental units are meter, kilogram and second. Fundamental units Derived units Independent of each other Expressed as combination of fundamental units m Presently accepted internationally for measurement is SI system of units, revised in 2018. Certain rules to follow with standard symbols m It is decimal system thus, conversion within system is easy and convenient m It has 7 base unit and 2 supplementary units 1. Plane angle 2. Solid angle radian steradian rad sr Basis Distance m Large distance is measured by parallax method. m Parallax angle = m –2 1° = 1.745 × 10 rad –6 m 1¢¢ = 4.85 × 10 rad m Measurement of very small distance like size of molecule uses, Optical microscope, Electronic microscope and Tunneling microscope 11 m 1 AU = 1.496 × 10 m 15 m 1 ly = 9.46 × 10 m 16 m 1 parsec = 3.08 × 10 m MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH 1 UNITS 3 r ds O dq dq = ds/r radian Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with certain basic arbitrarily chosen internationally accepted reference called units. 4 MEASUREMENT OF MASS m Atomic standard of time: This is based on caesium clock, uncertainty gained overtime by 13 caesium atomic clock is less than 1 part in 10 (loss of 3 ms in one year) 5 MEASUREMENT OF TIME m Every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some uncertainty called error. m Accuracy of a measurement is a measure of how close is the measured value to true value. m Precision tells us to what resolution the quantity is measured. m It is not necessary that more precise value is more accurate too. 6 ACCURACY and PRECISION 7 ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT Combination of errors Sum and difference DZ = DA + DB Product or Quotient DZ = DA + DB Z A B Errors Systematic Instrumental Experimental Personal Random m –30 Electron mass 10 kg m 25 Earth mass 10 kg m 55 Observable universe 10 kg m –24 Time span of most unstable particle 10 s m 8 Travel time for light from nearest star 10 s m 17 Age of universe 10 s 2 SI SYSTEM OF UNITS (INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS) m –15 Size of proton 10 m m 7 Radius of Earth 10 m m 26 Distance to boundary 10 m of observable universe Classification m Every measurement is approximate due to errors. m Random errors occurs irregularly. m Least count error is smallest value that can be measured by instrument (occurs within both systematic and random errors). Damean × 100 amean m Percentage error = m Absolute error = S(|a – a |) i mean m Relative error = Damean amean n 1. Length 2. Mass 3. Time 4. Electric current 5. Thermodynamic temperature 6. Amount of substance 7. Luminous intensity meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela m kg s A K mol cd Base Units Supplementary Units S.N. S.N.Quantity QuantityUnit UnitSymbol Symbol 2 dW = dA/r steradian r O dW dA a b A B then % = a % + b % + c % Dx DA DB DC c C x A B C m If = X Chapter 2 Units and Measurements