Title Prahaar Summary 2025_Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude_E=Book.pdf ✅

ETHICS, INTEGRITY AND APTITUDE PRAHAAR SUMMARY MAINS WALLAH Final Hit To CSE Mains 2025


4 Prahaar Summary 2025 Ê Promotes pluralism, truthfulness, balanced reporting, and avoids info-monopolies. Ê Ethical Issues: 26/11 Live Telecast: Risked national security. Fake News: Misleads voters, damages democracy. Hidden Ads: Paid content posing as news violates public trust. Digital Media Ethics Ê Deals with new-age issues like: Plagiarism, anonymous sources, digital intrusion. Deepfakes, fake news, and manipulated visuals. Omnidirectional imaging and privacy breaches. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics AI Ethics studies moral concerns from AI development and aims to benefit humans while avoiding harm. Key Ethical Issues in AI 1. Bias and Discrimination: AI may worsen social biases in data, causing unfair outcomes. E.g., facial recognition errors with people of color. 2. Privacy Invasion: AI uses massive personal data, risking privacy and autonomy. E.g., targeted ads, predictive policing. 3. Lack of Transparency: Black-box AI lacks explainability, reducing accountability. E.g., unclear reasons for loan denial. 4. Job Displacement: AI automation risks low-skill job loss, deepening inequality. E.g., AI replacing drivers, customer support. 5. Deepfakes and Misinformation: AI can spread false content, disrupting democracy. E.g., deepfake videos in elections. Way Ahead 1. Principle-Based Frameworks: Promote transparency, fairness, rights, and accountability. 2. Ethical-by-Design AI: Build systems with ethics, privacy, bias checks. 3. AI Laws: Regulate AI, especially in critical domains. 4. Inclusive Data: Ensure diverse data to reduce bias. Normative Ethics Theories Utilitarianism Ê Focuses on consequences; right action = greatest good for the greatest number. Ê Example: While privacy concerns and exclusion errors exist, Aadhaar enabled efficient, targeted subsidy delivery, reducing leakage and improving welfare access for crores. Limitations Ê Happiness and well-being are hard to measure or compare. Ê Ignores emotions, culture, and justice. Ê Considers acts either fully right or wrong—no grey areas. Ê Future outcomes are uncertain; predictions can fail. Ê Overlooks individual rights (e.g., sacrificing one for organ transplants). Ê Ends justify means (e.g., stealing for school fees is acceptable). Deontology Ê Duty-based ethics judging actions as inherently right or wrong, regardless of outcomes. Ê Focuses on following moral duties, not balancing consequences. Ê Example: A civil servant must follow rules without considering outcomes. Ê Linked to Kant, who stressed universal moral laws like “Don’t lie” or “Don’t cheat.” Limitations Ê Ignores emotions and results; may lead to unacceptable outcomes. E.g., Doctor maintains confidentiality but endangers public health. Ê Threshold Deontology: Obey rules unless emergency demands a consequentialist shift. E.g., Free speech restricted when it incites violence (hate speech). Virtue Ethics Ê Emphasizes actions aligning with virtues like justice, empathy, honesty, integrity, and courage. Ê A character-based morality rooted in Aristotle’s ideas; it promotes developing moral character over rule-following. Ê Guides ethical living without fixed rules. Ê Assesses traits of a good person, not just isolated acts. E.g., Doctors risking health during COVID showed courage and altruism. Ê Aristotle: Practising virtues builds moral instincts. Virtue and Vice Ê A virtue is a good tendency to think, feel, and act rightly; a vice is the opposite. E.g., Empathy in mental health talks (virtue) vs. stigma (vice). Ê Examples: Virtues – courage, justice, generosity; Vices – cowardice, injustice, selfishness. Ê Context matters—some acts (e.g., confronting a bully) may be seen as virtuous or reckless depending on the situation. Limitations Ê Lacks specific rules for dilemmas (e.g., is lying ever virtuous?). Ê No universal list of virtues—culturally variable. Ê Focuses on character, not consequences—problematic in outcome-sensitive cases. Ethical Relativism Ê Ethical relativism argues that morals are culture-bound, shaped by time and context. Ê Core Idea: Morality evolves from societal norms or “folkways.” Ê Examples: Sati, slave trade—once accepted, now condemned. Child labour, female circumcision, sexual norms—vary across cultures.