Title Research Basic.pdf ✅

abc 4TH EDITION SBA 202 SEt• SEz of research methodology & biostatistics MRCP, USMLE EXAM. BASED MCQ PROF. MD. MOZAMMEL HOQUE
of researchS abcmethodology biostatistics abc PROCESSION TOWARDS ELUSIVE TRUTH Logic Inference (fact I theory) Observation Likely to be valid Scope of chance or uncertainty prevail Discordance between prediction and reality o z fact is fact? o How much a Answered by statistics through research o 1 RESEARCH METHODS Techniques and tools used for conducting research. These are : 1 I. Methods dealing with collecting and describing data. 2. Techniques used for establishing statistical relationship between variables. 3. Methods used to evaluate the reliability, validity and accuracy of the results derived from the data. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY It deals with the various steps/methods taken by a researcher to conduct the research systematically along with the logic, assumptions and rationale behind these steps. Whenever we choose a research method, we must justify why we preferred this over the others. Methodology seeks to answer this question. Thus when we speak about research methodology we not only talk about the research methods but also keep in view the logic behind the method that we use in the context of our research undertaking. Research methodology has many dimensions; research methods are part of research methodology. AREAS OF RESEARCH z In Science we impose logic on observation to reach the truth. Through our observation we gather some information (data) from which we hypothesize some fact(s) or theory by logical reasoning. These hypothesized fact(s) shows scope of chance or uncertainty that means some discordance between prediction and reality always remain. For example the theory (fact) is that, children are in love with parents of opposite sex but in reality a boy may be a big fan of father. This gap between prediction and reality is weighted by statistical tests to come to final conclusion. So observation leads to theory (inference), theory helps to predict new observation to modify theory and again to predict new observation and so on. \Vhich one is first; observation or theory is like a debate which one is first; egg or chicken. Ignoring that debate, through continued exercise of this process finally we may reach the truth which is still elusive because actual truth that is within the purview of almighty only is never reached. RESEARCH • Research is a scientific. systematic & ethical search for new knowledge about the unknown in an attempt to find answer to a question & to solve a problem. • Research is a problem solving activity done in a scientific, systematic and ethical manner. It begins with a problem or question and ends with generation & dissemination of answer for that problem or question. Research is an exploratory scholarship that allows systematic acquisition of new knowledge to solve a problem or to answer certain question(s). The art and science of asking questions is the source of all knowledge. Research is a formal way of going about asking questions to increase our knowledge about the unknown. It involves scientific, systematic, organized and well planned search for pertinent information of a problem on a specific topic. Research discovers new facts & principles or makes fresh interpretation of the known facts and principles. It is an attempt to reveal 10 the world something that was either never thought of or was in the domain of guess. Research makes evidences, not proof and evidences increases when a finding is replicated by more than single study. Evidence based knowledge earned through research is ultimately tentative. Research is scientific because it is evidence based. Research is systematic because there are definite set of procedures and steps which are to follow from beginning to end. Research is organized because it is a planned & structured procedure (not a spontaneous one). Research is ethical because it ensure justice, rights & no harm. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Social research Biomedical research Health research Clinical research Population research Business research. It deals with the social phenomena involving human behavior & the natural laws ruling social life. It deals with fundamental life process; genetic & environmental factors related to health and disease. It deals with distribution & determinants of health status of people, prevention of disease, promotion of health and prolongation of longevity • Research done on patients or individuals at risk of disease and focuses on treating disease in a new way. It determines the safety and efficacy of therapies, devices, diagnostic products and procedures. Population research is a scientific inquiry aimed at understanding the population dynamics with respect to the size, structure, growth, distribution and dispersal of a population. 7. Agricultural research. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 1 O z o m I. 2. Discover new facts / principles. Verify and test old facts / principles. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fresh interpretation of known facts/ principles. Solution of problem. Explanation of mechanism. Development of tools / concept / theory. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Focus on priority problems of current professional & social issues. Systematic, ethical & organized (structured). Simple, timely and cost effective. Participatory & integrated : involves all parties concerned at all stages of study. Action oriented & objective : aimed at answering research question. Replicable . same can be repeated in new setting with new subjects. Generative answering one question generate many new questions. Generalizable : findings can be generalized for the total population. Based on appropriate methodology and representative 02 sample. 03
of methodolog research& abc biostatist Empirical research. 1. Basic research. 5. Qualitative research. Descriptive research. 7. x 9. Operational research. 2. Theoretical research. 4. Applied research. 6. Quantitative research. 8. Analytical research. 10. Evaluative research. Research based on inductive reasoning from observation & experience without any regard to theory. Empiricism is a system based on observation and experience. Observation & experiment O together form evidences. Evidence emphasizes the tentative and probabilistic nature of knowledge. Basis of empiricism is the inductive reasoning which moves from specific to general z o with scope of chance or uncertainly. It at best says, likely to be if evidences are true. Medicine is largely an inductive science where evidence based decisions are gathered by inductive reasoning. Here there is little space for deductive reasoning. O e.g. If a drug work on Mr. Khan and 09 others of his first degree relatives. There is high probability that it will also work on 11th individual of that type. Such empiricism is the z backbone of medical science. Past experience and present evidences provides insight into the future. The research based on deductive reasoning from theory which moves from general to specific with no scope of chance or uncertainty. It holds some thing as truth that mind can directly perceive as truth without going through the process of sensual observation & experience. e.g. So A-C Empirical and theoretical research complement each other in understanding the phenomena, in predicting future events and in prevention of events harmful to the population. BASIC (PURE, FUNDAMENTAL) RESEARCH Research conducted to explore the basic fundamental knowledge and understanding of a phenomena. It is fundamental & deductive. It is not directed to solve any immediate pressing burning problem. It gather knowledge for the shake of knowledge without any specific purpose in mind. It is used to generate new ideas / principles / theories to provide foundation knowledge upon which Other types of research (applied, clinical) are based. It advances the knowledge base without any specific focus on its application & utility but its results are utilized somewhere in future when that new knowledge is required. e.g. understanding the changes in cells and molecules associated with illness through basic research provides the knowledge that helps eventually find new ways to diagnose, treat and prevent a variety of diseases. It deals with questions that are intellectually interesting and challenging, more academic in their approach but has no immediate practical commercial value of the results. It is done most of the times in the laboratory settings or in the animals or in the human volunteeß' abc So basic research has no immediate applications to any existing practical problem but it adds scholarly knowledge to the community of researchers. e.g. How cancer cells multiply and grow in a laboratory? How cells talk to each other? How genes are regulated? How nerves convey signals to the brain? What is the machanism of cytokine storm that occur in COVID-19 patients What is the machanism of atherosclerotic plaque formation in hypercholesterolemia. Aims of basic research: Gather and generate information to develop or refine theories or principles. Expand the knowledge base to improve understanding about a phenomena. APPLIED (PRACTICAL) RESEARCH 1 Existing problem oriented research directed to solve this pressing burning problem. It is practical & inductive and it is inspired by the social needs. It aims at finding an immediate practical solution for an existing pressing burning problem of the society. e.g. Risk factors of high infant mortality rate, Causes of high maternal mortality rate, Risk factors of early onset myocardial infarction. Remdesivir for prevention of cytokine storm nnd mortality in COVID-19 patients. It is generally agreed that we need to have a healthy bnlnnce between the basic and applied research since basic research is the precursor of applied research. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1 Qualitative research deals with qualitative phenomena that cnn•t be quantified. It relies on the collection of qualitative (categorical) data & data are expressed in words. e.g. subjective assessment of attitude, values, feeling, opinion, behavior, emotion, practice, experience, interactions, perceptions etc. Health and disease are influenced by many factors. These include environment. biological and physical characteristics, nutrition, economic status, knowledge, attitude, practices and social setting. Many of these can be quantified; such as income, weight, daily protein intake etc. On the other hand aspects like behavior, opinion, emotion, feeling can't be expressed in quantitative terms (can not be quantified) rather they have to be observed & understood and their role to influence health is described & explained by subjective judgments through qualitative methods, Quantitative data alone can not provide complete answers to different queries; specially how and why questions are difficult to explain by quantitative data. Insight into human behavior and his views can best achieved through qualitative research. e.g. Peoples opinion about the health service provided from thana health complex. Feeling of miss world after winning the title. Religious and cultural norms of tribal peoples of Bangladesh. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 1 Quantitative research deals with quantitative phenomena that is measurable can be quantified It relies on the collection of quantitative data (numerical data) & data are expressed in number. e.g. Study on the prevalence of hospital-acquired infection. Study on birth weight of newborn babies. Study on mean blood pressure of Bangladeshi doctors. o o z O 04 os
of research revearch abc methodolog blost't'st research with the description distribution of a phenomena (e.g. from different aspects as it exists at present. It merely describes an event systematically as it occurs naturally, without value judgment or It includes survey & fact finding inquaries and only report what has happened & what is happimng: never explore cause effect relationship. It answer to who, what, where & when types of research question. e.g. Magnitude of stroke coronary artery disease in Bangladesh. o Prevalence of goiter in different districts of Bangladesh. Clinical presentation of acute respiratory infection. z o Analytical research deals with the determinants of a phenomena (e.g. disease) and attempts to establish cause- effect relationship between variables. o It makes critical evaluation of observed facts and explains the reasons behind them. z It could be correlational (e.g. correlation between stress & MI), explanatory (e.g. why smoking causes lung cancer), causal etc. e.g. Why prevalence of stroke is increasing in our community ? Why prevalence of MI is increasing in younger age group? Why goiter is more prevalent in hilly area? OPERATIONAL RESEARCH • It is the method of analysis by which management authority receives intellectual & informational aid for their decisions. So, operational research is the application of mathematical techniques to decision making process • Application of scientific methods, techniques and tools to different problems involving the operation of a system; with the objective to solve the problems for smooth running of the system • It helps an executive in making his decision by providing him with the needed information based on the scientific method of analysis • It is done to develop new methods / new devices / new techniques. e.g. Techniques & methods for polio eradication or for COVID-19 containment & control. EVALUATIVE RESEARCH:Evaluation study • An applied form of research design which makes the judgment about how well a specific program, practice, procedure, intervention or policy is working. • It is also used to determine the effectiveness of processes, personnel, equipment and the material used in a particular setting. • It is concerned with evaluation of social or organizational program. Evaluation of universal iodized salt program in iodine deficient areas. Evaluation of new national health policy Evaluation of new national medical curriculum 06 abc methodolo & blo•tatls cs DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1 Quantitative research Explore quantitative phenomena e.g. BMI, blood pressure, birth weight Generate numerical data in number Data collected by measurement Large sample needed Qualitative research Explore qualitative phenomena e.g. opinion, attitude, belief, feeling Generate categorical data in words Data collected by counting, observation, interview etc. Small sample needed (even a single subject can Test hypothesis Conclusive & generalizable be a sample) Generate hypothesis Tentative & not generalizable DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASIC & APPLIED RESEARCH Basic research Deals with fundamental mechanism of a phenomena Has no immediate practical use, simply expand basic knowledge about an issue Applied research Deals with existing burning problem Has immediate practical use & benefit e.g. solution of a burning problem. 1 Research problem & study subjects are selected with a great deal of freedom Success comes when results appear in a scholarly journal & have an impact on others in the scientific community. Research problem narrowly constrained to the specific demand Success comes when the results are used by users in decision making to solve the existing burning problem o z o 07