Title 17. STERILE FORMULATIONS – LARGE AND SMALL VOLUME PARENTERALS.pdf ✅

PHARMD GURU Page 2 e) Genetically engineered or biotechnology products. f) Liposome and lipid products. ADVANTAGES:  Can be given to the patients who cannot take drugs orally.  Raid onset of action.  Can be given in emergency situations.  First pass metabolism can be avoided.  Degradation of drug due enzymes can be prevented.  Drug can be directly injected into the target tissue.  Can be given to unconscious patients.  Drug action can be prolonged by modifying the formulation.  Transfusion fluids containing nutrients like glucose and electrolytes such as sodium chloride can be given by this route. DISADVANTAGES:  Pain and tissue damage at the site of injection.  Requires trained persons to administer the drugs.  Administration of the drug through wrong route can even cause death.  Difficult to save the patient when overdose is given.  Hypersensitivity reactions.  Expensive and costly.  Requires special equipment’s, devises and technologies to prepare and administer the drugs.  Requires strict control sterility and non-pyrogenicity than other formulations. FORMULATION OF SMALL VOLUME PARENTERALS: Requirements: In the preparation of parenteral products, the following substances are added to make a stable preparation:
PHARMD GURU Page 3 1. VEHICLES:  There are two types of vehicles which are commonly used for the preparations of injections: a) Aqueous vehicles:  Water is used as vehicle for majority of injections because water is tolerated well by the body and is safest to administer.  The aqueous vehicles used are: 1) Water for injection. 2) Water for injection free from CO2. 3) Water for injection free from dissolved air. b) Non-aqueous vehicles:  Commonly used non-aqueous vehicles are oils and alcohols.  Fixed oils such as arachis oil, cotton-seed oil, almond oil and sesame oil are used as vehicles.  Ethyl alcohol is most commonly used as vehicle. 2. ADJUVANTS: The following adjuvants are commonly used in preparing the stable parenteral preparations: i. Solubilizing agents. ii. Stabilizers. iii. Buffering agents. iv. Antibacterial agents. v. Chelating agents. vi. Suspending, emulsifying and wetting agents. vii. Tonicity factors.