Title Material - College Physics.docx ✅

SPECIAL TOPICS III COLLEGE PHYSICS Physics – Study of matter and its related constituents. Constituents includes motion and its behavior through space and time Waves – are periodic disturbances  Transverse Waves – Waves in which particles in a medium move in a direction perpendicular to the wave’s direction  Longitudinal Waves – Waves in which particles in a medium move in a direction parallel to the wave’s direction  Surface Waves – Waves in which particles in a medium move in a circular motion  Electromagnetic Waves – Waves that does not require a medium Wave in a String: Produced when a vibration is sent off through a medium such as a wire or a string. These is an example of transverse wave [See formulas] Sound Waves: Produced when a vibration is casted and dispersed in a medium until travelled through a receiver (such as the ear). It is an example of longitudinal waves  Doppler Effect – Whenever there is a change in velocity between source and observer, the apparent frequency of the sound produced changes depending on compression or rarefaction.  Sound Intensity – Power dissipated over a given area. o An Absolute sound intensity is a value used to quantify the power produced at a given area o A relative sound intensity is a scale used to give a value relative to the smallest intensity for hearing Light: Light is a form of electromagnetic wave in which a human eye is sensitive. It ranges from 740 nm to 400 nm.  Index of Refraction – Is the ratio of the speed of light between vacuum and in material.  Brewster’s Law – relationship for light waves stating that the maximum polarization (vibration in one plane only) of a ray of light may be achieved by letting the ray fall on a surface of a

Mirrors and Lenses Mirror – is a material whose surface can reflects almost all incident light  Plane Mirror – is a flat, smooth reflective surface with a clear, undistorted reflection  Concave/Converging Mirror – A mirror whose light rays converge or come together at a specific point known as the focal point.  Convex/Diverging Mirror – A mirror whose light rays diverge or scatter. Lens – is a piece of glass or other transparent material that can produce an image by refracting light that comes from an object.  Convex/Converging Lens – A lens that brings parallel light into a single focal point  Concave/Diverging Lens – A lens that deviates parallel light outward Guide for Imaging and Sign Convention Type Distance of Object Type of Image Size of Image Convex Mirror Concave Lens (focal length f is negative) Any Virtual, Upright (Image q is negative) Reduced Concave Mirror Convex Lens (focal length f is positive) Near (p < f) Virtual, Upright (Image q is negative) Enlarged At focal (p = f) No image formed Around (f < p < 2f) Real, Inverted (Image q is positive) Enlarged At center (p = 2f) Same Far (p > 2f) Reduced
Velocity of Wave: Period-frequency Relationship: Wave in a String: Sound Wave in Solid and Liquids Sound Waves in Gases Doppler Effect: Sound Intensity Index of Rarefaction: Snell’s Law Brewster’s Law of Polarization Wavelength under a Medium Mirror/Lens Formula Minimum mirror height for an image h to fit in Energy