Title IB-testbank-chap-4.docx ✅

form of open stratification in which the position a person has by birth can be changed through his or her own achievements or luck.   18. Class consciousness refers to a condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background.    TRUE Class consciousness refers to a condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes their relationships with members of other classes.   19. An antagonistic relationship between management and labor classes may result in lower costs of production.    FALSE An antagonistic relationship between management and labor classes, and the resulting lack of cooperation and high level of industrial disruption, tends to raise the costs of production in countries characterized by significant class divisions.   20. Ethical systems may be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred.    FALSE Ethical systems refer to a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior. Most of the world's ethical systems are the product of religions.   21. According to Max Weber, Protestantism encouraged capitalism's development by emphasizing the importance of wealth creation and frugality.    TRUE Weber argued that Protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard work and wealth creation (for the glory of God) and frugality (abstinence from worldly pleasures). According to Weber, this kind of value system was needed to facilitate the development of capitalism.   22. Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is a polytheistic religion.    FALSE Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is a monotheistic religion. The central principle of Islam is that there is but the one true omnipotent God.   23. The Koran speaks disapprovingly of free enterprise.    FALSE The Koran speaks approvingly of free enterprise and of earning legitimate profit through trade