Title Maps Study & Fundamental Concepts in Geography - FINAL.pdf ✅

Succeed with the best notes of the Country Live Book GEOGRAPHY PART-1
Maps Study & Fundamental Concepts in Geography DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | HYDERABAD: 79960 66663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 || www.ksgindia.com || Page 1 GEOGRAPHY PART 1: MAPS STUDY & FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN GEOGRAPHY..........2 Chapter 1: THE UNIVERSE AND EVOLUTION OF EARTH..2 Origin of Earth..................................................................................................2 Modern Theories .............................................................................................3 Hoyle’s Concept of Steady State- ..............................................................3 The Big-Bang Theory:.....................................................................................4 The Star Formation: ........................................................................................4 Evolution of the Earth ....................................................................................6 Our Solar System.............................................................................................7 What is a Black Hole?...................................................................................10 Chapter 2: THE Earth..........................................................12 Location of a place on Earth......................................................................12 Latitude.............................................................................................................12 Longitude.........................................................................................................13 Longitude and Time .....................................................................................13 Major Time Zones of the World ...............................................................14 International Date Line................................................................................15 Present Time Zone of India........................................................................15 Different types of Time zone.....................................................................15 Daylight Saving Time Zones ......................................................................16 Problems faced by India with one time Zone: .....................................16 Rotation of Earth ...........................................................................................16 Revolution of Earth: ......................................................................................17 Chapter 3: Continent wise map study...............................19 ASIA.......................................................................................................................19 Physical Divisions of Asia............................................................................20 Mountain System ..........................................................................................22 Plateaus ............................................................................................................22 Plains, steppes, and deserts .......................................................................22 Great River Valleys ........................................................................................23 Island Groups..................................................................................................24 Climate of Asia ...............................................................................................24 Agriculture:......................................................................................................25 Mineral Resources.........................................................................................26 Petroleum and Natural Gas........................................................................26 Industrial Regions..........................................................................................27 Important Straits of Asia .............................................................................30 Important Deserts of Asia...........................................................................31 Important Rivers of Asia..............................................................................33 Important Mountains of Asia ....................................................................34 Important Islands of Asia............................................................................34 North America....................................................................................................38 Western Cordilleras ......................................................................................40 Canadian Shield.............................................................................................40 The varied Eastern Region..........................................................................40 Caribbean Region..........................................................................................41 Rivers draining into the Pacific: ................................................................41 Important Lakes.............................................................................................42 Important Straits : .........................................................................................43 Important Mountains...................................................................................43 Deserts..............................................................................................................43 Climate and Natural Vegetation...............................................................43 Natural Resources .........................................................................................44 Mineral Resources.........................................................................................44 Industries..........................................................................................................45 South America....................................................................................................46 The Coastal Strip ...........................................................................................47 The Western Mountains..............................................................................48 The Central Plains..........................................................................................48 The Eastern Highlands.................................................................................48 Climate and Vegetation ..............................................................................49 Resources.........................................................................................................49 Wildlife..............................................................................................................49 Rivers.................................................................................................................49 Mineral Resources.........................................................................................51 Europe ..................................................................................................................51 Physical Map...................................................................................................53 North Western Highlands ..........................................................................53 North European Plains.................................................................................54 Central Uplands .............................................................................................54 The Alpine System ........................................................................................54 Climate..............................................................................................................54 Vegetation:......................................................................................................55 Resources.........................................................................................................55 Industry ............................................................................................................55 European Rivers.............................................................................................56 Important Straits:...........................................................................................57 AFRICA..................................................................................................................58 Eastern Highlands .........................................................................................58 Western Lowlands.........................................................................................61 Climate of Africa............................................................................................61 Natural Resources.........................................................................................61 Minerals............................................................................................................61 Crops: ................................................................................................................62 Tribes of Africa...............................................................................................62 Important Lakes.............................................................................................63 Rivers.................................................................................................................64 Cities along rivers:.........................................................................................65 Important Straits ...........................................................................................65 Important Mountains...................................................................................65 Important facts...............................................................................................66 Central African Republic (CAR).................................................................68 Horn of Africa.................................................................................................69 Oceania ................................................................................................................70 Australia ...............................................................................................................70 The Great Dividing Range ..........................................................................70 Central Lowlands...........................................................................................71 The Western Plateau Region.....................................................................71 Climate..............................................................................................................72 Resources.........................................................................................................72 Minerals............................................................................................................73 Industry ............................................................................................................73 New Zealand.......................................................................................................73 Mountain ranges...........................................................................................77 Plateau/Highlands.........................................................................................77 Volcanoes ........................................................................................................78 Grasslands .......................................................................................................78 Deserts..............................................................................................................78 Winds ................................................................................................................79 Tribes.................................................................................................................79 Americas...........................................................................................................79
Maps Study & Fundamental Concepts in Geography DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | HYDERABAD: 79960 66663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 || www.ksgindia.com || Page 2 Chapter 1: THE UNIVERSE AND EVOLUTION OF EARTH ● Our Universe has a "foamy" structure. The galaxies and clusters of galaxies that make up the visible Universe are concentrated in a complex scaffold that surrounds a network of enormous cosmic voids. ● However, in addition to the "normal" matter that makes up the visible parts of the Universe, scientists have discovered that there are vast amounts of unseen matter. This so-called "dark matter" makes up roughly 27% of the matter-energy content of the Universe, while the visible pieces account for only about 5% of the total. Origin of Earth ● The origin of the Earth dates back to 6.4 billion years ago. The name Earth is at least 1,000 years old. ● All the planets except Earth were named after Greek and Roman gods and goddesses. ● However, the name Earth is a Germanic word, which simply means “the ground”. Distance Size and ▪ With a radius of 3,959 miles (6,371 kilometers), Earth is the biggest of the terrestrial planets, and the fifth largest planet overall. ▪ From an average distance of 93 million miles (150 million kilometres), Earth is exactly one astronomical unit away from the Sun. Rotation Orbit and ▪ As the Earth orbits the Sun, it completes one rotation every 23.9 hours. It takes 365.25 days to complete one trip around the Sun. ▪ Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 degrees with respect to the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. This tilt causes our yearly cycle of seasons. Structure ▪ The inner core is a solid sphere made of Iron and Nickel metals about 759 miles (1,221 kilometers) in radius. There temperature is as high as 54000C. ▪ Surrounding the inner core is the outer core. This is about 2300 kilometers thick, made of iron and nickel fluids. Surface ▪ Like Mars and Venus, Earth has volcanoes, mountains, and valleys. Earth’s lithosphere, which includes the crust (both continental and oceanic) and the upper mantle, is divided into huge plates that are constantly moving. ▪ Earth's global ocean, which covers nearly 70 percent of the planet’s surface, has an average depth of about 2.5 miles (4 kilometres) and contains 97 percent of Earth’s water. Almost all of Earth’s volcanoes are hidden under these oceans. Atmosphere ▪ Near the surface, Earth has an atmosphere that consists of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 1 percent other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide and neon. ▪ The atmosphere affects Earth's long-term climate and short-term local weather and shields us from much of the harmful radiation coming from the Sun. Moons ▪ Earth is the only planet that has a single moon. Our Moon is the brightest and most familiar object in the night sky. In many ways, the Moon is responsible for making Earth such a great home. It stabilises our planet's wobble, which has made the climate less variable over thousands of years. There are many hypotheses regarding the origins of Earth; however, these are normally classified as: Do you know? That extra quarter of a day challenges our calendar system, which counts one year as 365 days. To keep our yearly calendars consistent with our orbit around the Sun, we add one day every four years. That day is called a leap day, and the year it's added to is called a leap year.
Maps Study & Fundamental Concepts in Geography DELHI VN: 9717380832 & DELHI ORN: 9811293743 | JAIPUR: 8290800441 | BHOPAL: 7509975361| INDORE: 9893772941 | BENGALURU: 7619166663 | HYDERABAD: 79960 66663 | KOLKATA: 9007709895 || www.ksgindia.com || Page 3 Revised Nebular Hypothesis: ● In 1950, Otto Schmidt in Russia and Carl Weizascar in Germany somewhat revised the ‘Nebular Hypothesis', though they differed in detail. ● They considered that the Sun was surrounded by solar nebulae containing mostly hydrogen and helium, along with what may be termed as dust. The friction and collision of particles led to the formation of a disk-shaped cloud, and then planets were formed through the process of accretion. Modern Theories Hoyle’s Concept of Steady State- ● The Theory was first put forward in 1948 by British scientists Sir Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle. ● It is based on the assumption that on a large scale, the Universe is completely homogenous; that it looks the same from anywhere in the Universe at any given time. ● It was further developed by Hoyle to deal with the problem that had arisen in connection with the alternative big-bang hypothesis. ● Steady-state Theory, in cosmology, a view that the Universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average density, with matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the same that old ones become unobservable as a consequence of their increasing distance and velocity of recession. ● A steady-state universe has no beginning or end in time, and from any point within it, the view on the grand scale—i.e. the average density and arrangement of galaxies is the same. Galaxies of all possible ages are intermingled. Nebular Hypothesis (By Kant and Laplace) What does Theory say? According to the most widely accepted Theory of planet formation (Nebular Hypothesis), the Solar system began roughly 4.6 billion years ago from a massive cloud of dust and gas. After the cloud experienced gravitational collapse at the centre, forming the Sun, the remaining gas and dust fell into a disk that orbited it. The planet gradually accreted from this disk over time, creating the system we know today. Due to higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form closer to the Sun and form the terrestrial planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. In contrast, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed beyond the point between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, where the material is cool enough for the Volatine icy compound to remain solid. Limitation: The main issue was angular momentum distribution between the Sun and planets, which the nebular model could not explain. According to the nebular Theory, all planets around a star should be tilted the same way relative to the ecliptic. But as we have learned, the inner planets and outer planets have radically different axial tilts. The study of extrasolar planets has allowed scientists to notice irregularities that cast doubt on the nebular hypothesis. Some of these irregularities have to do with the existence of “hot Jupiters” that orbit closely to their stars with periods of just a few days.