Title Tea and industrial revolution.docx.pdf ✅

Passage Meaning Notes Alan Macfarlane, the professor of anthropological science at King‘s College, Cambridge has, like other historians, spent decades trying to understand the enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big Bang –the world-changing birth of industry – happen in Britain? And why did it happen at the end of the 18th century? (1) A professor tries to understand Industrial Revolution (2) 1st thing to understand (3) 2nd thing to understand Main idea: Try to understand the place + time of Industrial Revolution Spend time V-ing: dành thời gian làm gì Macfarlane compares the question to a combination lock. He claims that there were about 20 different factors and all of them needed to be present before the revolution could happen. For industry to “take off” , there needed to be the technology and power to drive factories, large urban populations to provide cheap labor easy transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-driven economy, and a political system that allowed this to happen. compare Industrial Revolution to a lock 20 factors >> industrial revolution happens Examples of some factors Compare sth to sth (v): so sánh thứ này với thứ kia Present (a): hiện diện, có mặt S + V before S + V >> hiểu vế sau trước For sth to V, S + V >> thể hiện mục đích Take off (v): phát triển provide sth (v): cung cấp cái gì đó
While this was the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, Holland and France also met some of these criteria but were not industrializing. All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to cause the revolution. Most historians think that there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock. England -industrializing # Other nations had some factors - not industrializing >> 20 factors are enough to cause revolution >> need one or two missing factors Main idea: factors to cause industrial revolution While S + V, S + V >> contrast Sufficient (a): đủ S+ be adj1 but adj 2 Most historians, however, are convinced that one or two missing factors are needed to solve the puzzle. The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in every kitchen cupboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation’s favorite drinks, drove the revolution. Tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and hops, used in making beer, both contain antiseptic properties. This -plus the fact that both are made with boiled water- helped prevent epidemics of waterborne diseases, such as dysentery, in densely (1) (nhắc lại câu cuối đoạn trước): 1 or 2 missing factors >> revolution (2)- (3) Macfarlane suggested: 2 missing factors = tea and beer (4)-(5) Tea and beer >> prevent waterborne diseases Sb are convinced that...= sb think that .... Drive sth (v): dẫn tới 1 điều gì đó help do sth
populated urban areas. The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction, the scepticism gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlanes case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters – Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research. (6) His theory ...... (receive support) (7) His theory received support Main idea: According to Macfarlane, tea + beer >> revolution sound + adj: seem + adj (có vẻ, dường như) S_V, but once S_V, S_V S1_V1 - S2_V2: Vế 2 tương đương vế 1 Historians had noticed one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740, the population was static, but then there was a burst in population growth. The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes. Four possible causes have been suggested. There could have been a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria present at that time, but this is unlikely. (1) One interesting factor (2) Cụ thể factor: population growth (3) =(2) (mortality rate giảm = population growth) (4) 4 possible reasons (5) 1st reason: change in viruses # unlikely Static (a): giữ nguyên, không đổi Burst (n): bùng nổ Mortality rate (n): tỉ lệ tử vong unlikely (adj) không có khả năng xảy ra
Was there a revolution in medical science? But this was a century before Lister introduced antiseptic surgery. Was there a change in environmental conditions? There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small gains. Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century. The only option left was food, but the height and weight statistics show a decline. So the food got worse. Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank. (6)-(7) 2nd reason: a revolution in medical science # unlikely (8)- (10) 3rd reason: a change in environmental condition # small gains >> unlikely (11)- (12) 4th reason: food # unlikely (13) can’t find an explanation for population growth Main idea: Looking for a reason for the population growth effort to do sth: nỗ lực làm gì Draw a blank (v): chưa có lời giải