Title 3-Transportation (Theory + Ex.).pdf ✅

TRANSPORTATION 3 CHAPTER CONTENTS • Transportation • Function of Transporation • Transportation in Human Being • Kind of Blood Vessels • Blood Group • The Human Heart • Double Circulation • Transportation in Plant • Transpiration ➢ TRANSPORTATION It is the movement of materials from one part to another, usually from the region of their availability to the region of their use storage or elimination. ➢ FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION • Food : It is available at particular points, e.g. leaves in plants, alimentary canal in animals. Food has to be transported to every living cell of the body for extraction of energy and materials. • Metabolic Gases : Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two metabolic gases. Oxygen is required by every living cell for cellular respiration. It has to be transported from outside environment first to the respiratory surfaces and then to individual cells in animals or directly to cells in plants. Carbon dioxide is formed as a by-product. It is passed out for elimination. • Waste Products : Toxic waste products are produced during metabolism. They have to be excreted. For this they are first taken to kidneys for separation, translocated to urinary bladder for storage and from urinary bladder to the region of elimination. • Water : Plants absorb water from soil with the help of their roots. It is transported to all parts. • Hormones : They are formed in particular regions from where they are transported to the areas of their functioning. ➢ TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEING • In humans, transportation of oxygen nutrients, hormone and other substances to tissue, CO2 to the lungs and waste products to the kidneys is carried out by a well-defined Circulatory System. In lower organisms material is transported by diffusion.  Circulatory System : It comprises of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymphatic vessels, lymph, which together serve to transport materials, throughout the body. Components of the circulatory system in higher animals are - • Blood • Pumping organ- 'Heart'
• System of blood vessels for distribution and collection of blood - consisting of arteries, veins and capillaries. Plasma Serum Protein Blood cells Erythrocytes (Red blood corpuscles) W.B.C BLOOD Platelets  Blood Corpuscles : I. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) or Erythrocytes : • These are minute, circular biconcave discs having no nucleus. They look red due to the presence of red coloured pigment, haemoglobin. Red blood cells have life span about 120 days. They are produced in bone marrow number is 4.5 – 5.5 millon/cu.mm.  Function : • Haemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to body tissues. II. WBC or White Blood Cells or Corpuscles : • These are large, nucleated colourless cells and are less numerous than erythrocytes. There are about 5000 W.B.C per mili litre of blood. Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Granulocytes Lymphocyte Monocyte Agranulocytes Surface view Side view ERYTHROCYTE (RBC) PLATELETS DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS IN MAN WBC are mainly of two Type W.B.C. Granulocytes They have a granular cytoplasm and lobed nucleus. WBC Agranulocytes Their cytoplasm does not contain granules but a single large sph- erical nucleus. III. Blood Platelets : • Platelets are rounded, colourless, biconvex and non- nucleated blood- cells, which help in the coagulation of blood they are called thrombocytes. ➢ KIND OF BLOOD VESSELS There are three types of blood vessels present in human circulatory system. (A) Arteries : • Arteries carry blood from heart and supply to organs. These are thick muscular walled and deep seated. All Arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to lungs for purification. They do not have valves. (B) Veins : • Veins collect blood from the tissue of the organs and Bring it to the heart through two big veins, the superior and Inferior vena cava. Veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins. Veins are thin walled and placed more superficially. They contain valves. (C) Capillaries : • Capillaries are extremely thin-walled and narrow. They are closely placed with the cells of the tissue in an organ. Oxygen and food pass into the cells and carbon-dioxide and other wastes pass into the capillaries from the cells.

• When bacteria or any other disease causing pathogen enters the body. It is distroyed by WBCs (one type of WBCs; called lymphocytes produce Antibodies against specific pathogen) and so immunity against the disease is created in the body.  Clotting of blood : • To prevent excess bleeding, blood-platelets and some protein form clot so as to prevent further bleeding.  Water balance : • Blood maintains body temperature constant and distributes and exchanges water between cytoplasm of cells.  Temperature regulation : • Heat produced by deeper tissues is taken to the body surface, so that it may be given out and thus body temperature is maintained.  Maintainance of body pH : • In RBC, some carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3 ) that is disossociated into H+ and HCO3 – . These ions combines with ions of plasma to maintain a constant pH.  Maintenance of pressure : • Arteries produce a proper pressure of blood that helps to balance the atmospheric pressure.  Blood Clotting : • Sequence of events during clotting of blood : Thromboplastin Prothrombin Thrombin (inactive) (In blood) Ca+2 Fibrinogen Fibrin (soluble) (insoluble) + dead RBCs + dead Bacteria + dead WBCs (active) Liver Vitamin K Injured tissue + Blood platelets Flow Chart Showing Clotting of Blood ➢ THE HUMAN HEART • The heart is a pumping organ that receives blood from veins and pumps it into the arteries it is made up of cardiac muscles. It is situated in thoracic cavity which lies above the diaphragm between the two lungs. • It is enclosed in a double-walled membranous the pericardium.  Chamber of The Heart : • The interior of the heart is divided into four chambers which receive the circulatory blood .  The Auricles : • The two superior chamber are called the right and left auricles. The auricles are separated by a partition called the inter-atrial septum. The sinuatrial node (SAN) or the pacemaker is located in the upper wall of the Right atrium.  The Ventricles : • The two interior chambers of heart are the right and left ventricles. They are separated from each other by an inter-ventricular septum.  Valves of The Heart : • Valves are muscular flaps which prevent the blood to flow back through it. Two type of heart valves are distingushed :  The Atrio-Venticular Valves : • These valves separated the atria from the ventricles the right side of the heart possesses the tricuspid valve and left side of the heart possesses the bicuspid valve or mitral valves are needed to avoid backward flow of blood in the chambers of the heat.  Semilunar Valves : • These are located in the arteries leaving the heart.  Blood Flow Through The Heart :