Title অধ্যায় ২ কমিউনিকেশন সিস্টেমস ও নেটওয়ার্কিং with solve.pdf ✅

2.........................................................................................................................................................................  ICT Chapter-2 Rhombus Publications wmb‡μvbvm c×wZ‡ZÑ 80 evBU cwgv‡Yi GKwU K ̈v‡i±vi eøK ̄’vbvšÍ‡i 2 evBU †nWvi I 2 evBU †UBjvi Bbdi‡gkb hy3 Ki‡Z n‡e| †gvU †WUv = cÖK...Z †WUv  Ifvi‡nW †WUv = (80  4) evBU = 84 weU|  `ÿZv,  = 80 84  100% = 95.23% A_v©r, wmb‡μvbvm Gi `ÿZv A ̈vwmb‡μvbv‡mi PvB‡Z †ewk| Z‡e wmb‡μvbvm †WUv UavÝwgkb AwaK e ̈qeûj KviY G‡Z †cÖiK †÷k‡b †cÖi‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| cÖkœ2 †bUIqvK©-1 †bUIqvK©-2 †bUIqvK©-3 (K) myBP Kx? [Xv. †ev. 24] (L) †cÖv‡UvKj ej‡Z Kx eySvq? [Xv. †ev. 24] (M) †bUIqvK©-1 Gi U‡cvjwRwU e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [Xv. †ev. 24] (N) m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK© mPj †i‡L bZzb wWfvBm hy3 Kivi †ÿ‡Î †bUIqvK©-2 I †bUIqvK©-3 Gi U‡cvjwRi g‡a ̈ †KvbwU AwaK Dc‡hvMx? ZzjbvgyjK we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| [Xv. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K myBP GK ai‡bi eû †cvU©wewkó †bUIqvK© wWfvBm hvi gva ̈‡g †bUIqv‡K©i g‡a ̈ mvf©vi, IqvK©‡÷kb Ges wewfbœ †cwi‡divj wWfvBmmg~n mshy3 _v‡K| L Z_ ̈ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi †h wbqg Kvbyb Av‡Q, hv mdUIq ̈vi AvKv‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nq †cÖv‡UvKj| wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖv‡UvKj i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ TCP/ IP, HTTP, FTP BZ ̈vw`| †cÖv‡UvKj wbfz©j I `ÿZvi mv‡_ †WUv UavÝwgkb Kivi Rb ̈ Rb ̈ †WUv wm‡Kv‡qwÝs, †WUv ivDwUs, †d¬v K‡›Uavj I Gii K‡›Uavj GB KvR ̧‡jv K‡i _v‡K| M †bUIqvK©-1 Gi U‡cvjwRwU evm I wis U‡cvjwRi mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU nvBweaW U‡cvjwR| mvaviYZ ÷vi, wis, evm BZ ̈vw` U‡cvjwRi mgš^‡q MwVZ †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR‡K ejv nq nvBweaW U‡cvjwR e‡j| †hgb: B›Uvi‡bU GB ai‡Yi U‡cvjwR| B›Uvi‡bU n‡jv e„nr cwim‡ii GKwU †bUIqvK© †hLv‡b me ai‡bi U‡cvjwRi wgkÖY †`Lv hvq| nvBweaW U‡cvjwR e ̈env‡ii †ek wKQz myweav Av‡Q| 1. cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †bUIqvK© evov‡bv hvq| 2. †Kv‡bv Askwe‡kl bó n‡j I m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK© bó nq bv| 3. mgm ̈v †`Lv w`‡j mn‡RB wbY©q m¤¢e nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †h‡nZz evm Ges wis U‡cvjwRi wgkÖY e ̈eüZ n‡q‡Q, Dfq †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv †K›`axq wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| GQvov Kg Zvi cÖ‡qvRb nIqvi e ̈q ̄^í nq| Z‡e, evm U‡cvjwR‡Z me wWfvBm GKwU g~j K ̈vej Øviv hy3 nIqvq g~j K ̈vej bó n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© APj n‡q hv‡e| N DÏxc‡K †bUIqvK©-2 n‡jv ÷vi U‡cvjwR Ges †bUIqvK©-3 n‡jv wis U‡cvjwR| wis U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU wWfvBm G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Zvi Øviv hy3 G‡Z †Kv‡bv Ask bó n‡j m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK© APj n‡q co‡e| Aciw`‡K, †bUIqvK©Ñ2 A_©vr ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU †K›`axq myB‡Pi mv‡_ mKj wWfvBm hy3| GB myBP-B †WUv PjvPj wbqš¿Y K‡i| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv wWfvBm miv‡Z ev †Kv‡bv wWfvBm bó n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv cÖfve c‡o bv| ZvB bZzb wWfvBm hy3 Ki‡Z PvB‡j m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷‡g †Kv‡bv cÖfve c‡o bv| ZvB †bUIqvK©Ñ2 A_©vr ÷vi U‡cvjwR bZzb wWfvBm hy3 Ki‡Z AwaK Dc‡hvMx| cÖkœ3 †kÖwYK‡ÿ AvBwmwU wkÿK Ggb GKwU U‡cvjwR m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q †hLv‡b GKwU †K›`axq wWfvBm e ̈eüZ nq hv wbw`©ó wWfvB‡m †WUv †cÖi‡Y mÿg| cieZ©x‡Z wZwb Av‡iK ai‡bi U‡cvjwRi aviYv †`q †hLv‡b wWfvBmmg~n ci ̄ú‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi mshy3 _v‡K| (K) K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Kx? [iv. †ev. 24] (L) ÒB›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZ e ̈eüZ hš¿cvwZ I wgwWqv‡gi Dci wbf©ikxjÓ ÑeywS‡q †jL| [iv. †ev. 24] (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †K›`axq wWfvB‡mi Kvh©vewj e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [iv. †ev. 24] (N) DÏxc‡Ki U‡cvjwR `ywUi g‡a ̈ †KvbwU †ewk myweavRbK? gZvgZ `vI| [iv. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Ggb GKwU Kw¤úDwUs cÖhyw3 hv B›Uvi‡bU Ges †K›`axq wi‡gvU mvf©vi e ̈env‡ii gva ̈‡g †WUv Ges Gwcø‡Kkbmg~n wbqš¿Y I iÿYv‡eÿY Ki‡Z mÿg| L B›Uvi‡bU Gi MwZ ev w ̄úW Zvi e ̈vÛDB‡_i Dci wbf©ikxj| cÖwZ †m‡KÛ †h cwigvY †WUv GK ̄’vb n‡Z Ab ̈ ̄’v‡b ̄’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K e ̈vÛDB_ e‡j| GKwU KwgDwb‡Kkb †bUIqv‡K©i e ̈vÛDB_ †mLv‡b e ̈eüZ hš¿cvwZ I wgwWqv‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj| †hgb: mvaviY †Uwj‡dv‡bi Zv‡ii †P‡q AcwUK ̈vj K ̈ve‡j e ̈vÛDB_ A‡bK ̧Y †ewk cvIqv hv‡e| Avevi AcwUK ̈vj K ̈vej mv‡_ mvgÄm ̈c~Y© MwZi Uvwg©bvj e ̈envi bv Kiv n‡j Kvw•ÿZ MwZ cvIqv hvq bv| myZivs B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZ e ̈eüZ hš¿cvwZ I wgwWqvg Gi Dci wbf©ikxj|

4 ........................................................................................................................................................................  ICT Chapter-2 Rhombus Publications L †WUv eøK ev c ̈v‡KU AvKv‡i ̄’vbv ̄Íi nq ej‡Z wmb‡μvbvm †WUv UavÝwgkb †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î †WUv cÖ_‡g cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡i‡R msiÿY Kiv nq| AZtci †WUvi K ̈v‡i±vi mg~n‡K eøK AvKv‡i fvM K‡i cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i eøK UavÝwgU Kiv nq| M wgwji evmvq wWk ms‡hv‡Mi †Uwjwfk‡b †WUv UavÝwgkb †gvWwU eaWKv÷ †gvW| †h UavÝwgkb e ̈e ̄’vq †bUIqvK©fy3 †Kv‡bv †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi ev †bvW n‡Z †WUv UavÝwgU n‡j H †bUIqvK©fz3 mKj †bvW-B Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K eaWKv÷ UavÝwgkb e‡j| GwU Iqvb-Uz-Aj (1 to all) bv‡g cwiwPZ| DÏxc‡K †Uwjwfk‡b †Kv‡bv Abyôvb m¤úaPvi Kiv n‡j Zv mKj †Uwjwfkb ev MÖvnKhš¿ GKB mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î †cÖiK GKRb, Z‡e MÖvnK A‡b‡K GB UavÝwgkb ïaygvÎ wmg‡cø· nq| †cÖiK/ †bvW K cÖvcK/ †bvW L M N O wPÎ: eaWKv÷ †gvW N DÏxc‡Ki †bUIqvwK©s Gi Rb ̈ e ̈eüZ K ̈vej n‡jv AcwUK ̈vj dvBevi K ̈vej| dvBevi AcwUK ev AcwUK ̈vj dvBevi n‡jv AZ ̈šÍ miæ GK ai‡Yi Kv‡Pi Zš‘| WvB-B‡jKUawbK AšÍiK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi Kv‡Pi Zš‘i g‡a ̈ w`‡q Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| c~Y© Af ̈šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi cÖhyw3 Kv‡R jvwM‡q AcwUK ̈vj dvBevi KvR K‡i| GwU B‡jKwUaK ̈vj wmMb ̈v‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK ev jvBU wmMb ̈vj UavÝwgU K‡i| coating outer jacket core Cladding Strergth member 1. †Kvi (core): †Kvi n‡jv me‡P‡q †fZ‡ii ̄Íi, hvi ga ̈ w`‡q Av‡jvK wmMb ̈vj mÂvjb K‡i| GwU wmwjKv gvwëK‡¤úv‡b›U KvP ev ̄^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q ˆZwi| 2. K¬ ̈vwWs (Cladding): †Kvi‡K wN‡i _vKv evB‡ii ̄ÍiwU n‡”Q K¬ ̈vwWs hv Kv‡Pi ˆZwi| GwU †Kvi †_‡K wbM©Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZdwjZ K‡i Zv cybivq †Kv‡i †diZ cvVvq| 3. R ̈v‡KU (Jacket): cÖwZwU K¬ ̈wWs Gi Dci cøvw÷K w`‡q †gvov‡bv AveiYwU‡K R ̈v‡KU ejv nq| GwU dvBevi AcwUK Zvi‡K Nl©Y, gwiPv, Rjxq ev®ú †_‡K iÿv K‡i| e ̈eüZ cøvw÷K Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a ̈ i‡q‡Q PVC, cwjBw_wjb, cwjBD‡iw_b, cwjgvBW BZ ̈vw`| dvBevi AcwUK K ̈ve‡ji e ̈envi: 1. †UwjKwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î mgy‡`ai Zj‡`k w`‡q c„w_exi mKj gnv‡`‡ki g‡a ̈ ms‡hvM ̄’vc‡b| 2. wewfbœ ai‡bi kw3kvjx I AZ ̈vaywbK †mÝi ˆZwi‡Z| 3. mxwgZfv‡e wKQz wKQz we‡kl †ÿ‡Î we`y ̈r cwien‡b| 4. wewfbœ †gwWK ̈vj wWfvBm †hgb G‡Ûv‡ ̄‹vc BZ ̈vw` ˆZwi‡Z| cÖkœ6 gy» Zvi Awd‡m 10wU Kw¤úDUvi I 5wU j ̈vcUc‡K †bUIqv‡K© ̄’vcb Ki‡Z Pvq †hLv‡b GKwU gvÎ †K›`axq wWfvB‡mi Dci| Kw¤úDUvi ̧‡jv wbf©ikxj| Z‡e †m evmvq gv‡S gv‡S IEEE 802.11 ÷ ̈vÛvW© Gi GKwU cÖhyw3i mvnv‡h ̈ mK‡ji mv‡_ Z_ ̈ Av`vb- cÖ`vb K‡i| (K) g‡Wg Kx? [Kz. †ev. 24] (L) nv‡ei †P‡q myBP myweavKRbÑ e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ gy»-Gi evmvq †Kvb ai‡bi cÖhyw3 e ̈eüZ nq? e ̈vL ̈v Ki| [Kz. †ev. 24] (N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ gy»-Gi Awd‡m †Kvb ai‡bi †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR ̄’vwcZ n‡”Q? we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI| [Kz. †ev. 24] mgvavb: K Modulation k‡ãi ÔMo’ Ges Demodulation k‡ãi ÔDemo’ wb‡q ÔModem’ kãwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q| GwU †WUv‡K GK wWfvBm †_‡K Ab ̈ wWfvB‡m cvVvq| L nv‡ei †P‡q myBP e ̈envi myweavRbK| evB‡i †_‡K nve ev myBP †`L‡Z GKBiKg n‡jI myB‡Pi eyw×gËv Av‡Q| nv‡e †cÖwiZ †h‡Kv‡bv ms‡KZ †Kv‡bviƒc cwieZ©b QvovB cÖwZwU wWfvB‡m eaWKv÷ K‡i| Aciw`‡K, myBP cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii MAC (Media Access Control) A ̈v‡Wam e ̈envi K‡i wbw`©ó †cv‡U© wmMb ̈vjwU cvVvq| GQvov `ye©j ms‡KZ‡K A ̈vgwcødvB K‡i| M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ gy» Gi evmvq IEEE 802.11 ÷ ̈vÛvW© cÖhyw3 n‡jv Wi-Fi ev Wireless Fidelity| Kw¤úDUvi/ wWRUvj ˆe`y ̈wZK hš¿cvwZ ̧‡jv‡K Zviwenxb Dcv‡q B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy3 Kivi GKwU cÖhyw3 n‡jv Wi-Fi| IqvB-dvB n‡jv RbwcÖq GKwU Iq ̈vij ̈vm †bUIqvwKs cÖhyw3, †hwU Zviwenxb D”PMwZi B›Uvi‡bU I †bUIqvK© ms‡hv‡M †eZvi Zi1⁄2‡K e ̈envi K‡i _v‡K| IqvB-dvB A ̈vbveì wWfvBm †hgb: j ̈vcUc, wfwWI †Mg Kb‡mvj, †dvb BZ ̈vw` GKwU Iq ̈vij ̈vm †bUIqvK© A ̈vK‡mm c‡q‡›Ui gva ̈‡g B›Uv‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy3 n‡Z cv‡i| IqvB-dvB †bUIqvK© fz3 GjvKv‡K Hotspot e‡j| Gi Kfv‡iR mxwgZ| Gi e ̈vÛDB_ 10-50 Mbps| N DÏxc‡K ÷vi U‡cvjwR ̄’vwcZ n‡Z hv‡”Q| mvaviYZ †h U‡cvjwR‡Z me Kw¤úDUvi GKwU †K›`axq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy3 _v‡K Zv‡K ÷vi U‡cvjwR e‡j| wPÎ: ÷vi U‡cvjwR GB †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv Ask bó n‡j Zv Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| G‡Z mgMÖ †bUIqv‡K©i Dci †Kv‡bv cÖfve c‡o bv| Z‡e †K›`axq Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© bó n‡e| GB †bUIqv‡K© wØgyLx KwgDwb‡Kkb nq| †h‡Kv‡bv bZzb †bvW mn‡R hy3 Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL ̈v evo‡jI UavÝwgkb MwZ ̄^vfvweK _v‡K| Z‡e †bUIqvK©fz3 Kw¤úDUvi ̧‡jv ci ̄ú‡ii g‡a ̈ Z_ ̈ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|