Title NMAT SOCIAL SCIENCE LESSON 2.pdf ✅

MCAT REVIEW SHEETS NATIONAL MEDICAL ADMISSION TEST REVIEW
PSYCHOLOGY
49 Behavioral Sciences 1: Biology and Behavior * See appendix for full diagram Franz Gall: (1758 – 1828). Phrenology Pierre Flourens: (1794 – 1867). Functions of major sections of the brain. Used extirpation to study parts of brain. William James (1842 – 1910). Functionalism: How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment. John Dewey: (1859 – 1952). Functionalism Paul Broca: (1824 – 1880). Studied people with legions in specific regions of brain. Broca’s Area: Speech production. Hermann von (1821 – 1894). Speed of impulse. Made psychology a Helmholtz: science. Sir Charles (1857 – 1952). Synapses Sherrington: Sigmund Freud: (1856 – 1939). Psychoanalytic perspective. Neurons: Sensory: Afferent, receptors  spinal cord Interneurons: Between other neurons. Mainly CNS. Motor: Efferent, CNS  muscles & glands Reflex Arcs: Interneurons in spinal cord relay info to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain. Central Nervous CNS. Brain and spinal cord. System Peripheral PNS. Nervous tissue and fibers outside CNS Nervous System: Somatic: Voluntary Autonomic: Sympathetic = F/F, parasympathetic = R/D. Hindbrain: Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation. Midbrain: Inferior and superior colliculi. Forebrain Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex. Methods Electroencephalography (EEG). Regional cerebral of Study: blood flow. Thalamus: Relay station for sensory information. Hypothalamus: Homeostasis & the 4 F’s. Integrates with endocrine system. Hypothalamus  hypophyseal portal  anterior pituitary Basal Ganglia: Smooths movements and helps postural stability. Limbic System: Septal Nuclei: Pleasure and addiction. Amygdala: Fear and aggression. Hippocampus: Emotion and memory. Cerebral Four lobes Cortex: Frontal: Executive function, impulse control, speech, motor. Parietal: Touch, pressure, temp, pain, spatial processing. Occipital: Visual Temporal: Sound, speech perception, memory, emotion. Cerebral Left is analytic, language, logic, math. Usually dominant Hemispheres: Right is intuition, creativity, spatial processing. Neurotransmitters: Released by neurons to carry a signal. Acetylcholine: Used by somatic nervous system to move muscles. Also used by the parasympathetic and CNS. Dopamine: Maintains smooth movements and steady posture. Endorphins & Natural pain killers. Enkephalins: Epinephrine & Maintain wakefulness and mediate F/F responses. Norepinephrine: Epinephrine tends to act as a hormone, norepinephrine a neurotransmitter. -aminobutyric and Glycine. Inhibitory neurotransmitters. Act as Acid (GABA): brain “stabilizers”. Glutamate: Acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Serotonin: Modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming. The endocrine system is tied to the nervous system through the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, and a few otherhormones: Cortisol: Stress hormone released by the adrenalcortex. Testosterone & Mediate libido. Testosterone also aggressive Estrogen: behavior. Both are produced in gonads, released by adrenal cortex. Epinephrine & Released by adrenal medulla and cause physiological Norepinephrine: changes associated with the sympathetic nervous system. The nervous system develops through neurulation, in which the notochord stimulates overlying ectoderm to fold over, creating a neural tube topped with neural crest cells Neural Tube: Becomes the CNS Neural Crest Cells: Spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues. Primitive Reflexes: Exist in infants and should disappear with age. Rooting Reflex: Turns head toward stimulus. Moro Reflex: Extends arms, response to falling sensation. Babinski Reflex: Big toe is extended and other toes fan out in response to brushing on sole offoot. Grasping Reflex: Grabs anything put into hands. Developmental Milestones  Gross and fine motor abilities progress head to toe and core toperiphery  Social skills shift from parent-oriented toother-oriented  Language skills become increasingly complex Influences of Behavior Nervous System Organization Forebrain Development Researchers Brain Organization