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Digital instrumentation & Relay Logic Control MD.Amirul islam What is digital instrumentation? Digital instrumentation refers to the use of digital technology and electronic components in instruments designed to measure, monitor, and control physical quantities like temperature, pressure, flow, and voltage. digital instruments process signals in discrete steps (0 or 1) and typically display the data in numerical form. Basic example of digital instruments: Common digital instruments in industrial automation: 1. Push button switch 2. Emergency stop switch 3. Selector switch 4. Limit switch 5. Photo & proximity sensors 6. Temperature switch 7. Pressure switch 8. Flow switch 9. Level sensor or switch 10. Indicator lamp 11. Relay 12. Overload relay 13. Magnetic contactor 14. Buzzer etc. Types of digital or binary instruments: Digital input & Digital output Input: input devices can be defined as hardware components that allow users to feed data or instructions into a system. All switch & sensors are input. Output: An output device in an electrical system converts electrical energy into another form of energy, such as light, sound etc.
Digital instrumentation & Relay Logic Control MD.Amirul islam What is relay logic control? Relay logic control refers to a type of electrical control system that uses relays (electromechanical switches) to implement logic functions for controlling machinery or processes. In this system, the relays are used to open or close electrical circuits based on input signals, which allows the creation of logical sequences of operations. Key Components of Relay Logic: 1. Relays: Electromechanical devices that control circuits by opening or closing contacts when energized. They act as switches and can be configured to create logical conditions. 2. Contacts: Each relay has contacts that either open (break the circuit) or close (complete the circuit) depending on the relay's state. 3. Coils: The electromagnets inside relays that, when energized, change the state of the relay (open or close the contacts). 4. Inputs/Outputs: Inputs are typically switches or sensors, while outputs are devices like motors, lights, or alarms. Relay logic has largely been replaced by digital control systems like PLCs in more advanced or larger automation systems, but it is still used in simpler applications where reliability and cost are key considerations. isolator: The isolator is a mechanical switch that is used for reliably cutting off current and isolating a circuit when maintenance and repair work is going on. These switches are used in many commercial and industrial settings to create safe maintenance and repair work environments. Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker is a safety device used in electrical systems to protect the circuit from damage caused by overloads or short circuits. When the current flowing through the circuit exceeds a safe level, the circuit breaker automatically interrupts the flow of electricity, preventing potential damage to wires, devices, or other components in the system. Short circuits: A sudden flow of a very large current due to direct contact of a live wire and a neutral wire is called short-circuiting. resistance almost zero in this situation. Reasons of short circuit: 1. If phase + neutral wire are short 2. One phase + aonther phase wire are short 3. Phase + ground wire are short 4. Loose connections

Digital instrumentation & Relay Logic Control MD.Amirul islam Energy limiting class of a MCB: The "energy-limiting class" of a Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) refers to the ability of the MCB to limit the energy released during a short-circuit event. MCBs are generally categorized into different classes based on their energy-limiting properties: Class 1 (Standard MCB): These MCBs do not limit energy in an efficient way and are more likely to allow a higher level of fault energy through. Class 2 (Energy-Limiting MCB): These MCBs are designed to limit the energy delivered during a fault. They provide better protection and minimize the effects of short-circuit faults on the electrical system. Class 3 (High Energy-Limiting MCB): These offer superior energy-limiting characteristics, reducing the fault energy even further. These are generally used in circuits where sensitive equipment needs additional protection. How to read nameplates of a MCB: Symbol of MCB: Overload Short Circuit

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