Title Lý thuyết - Phonetics and Phonology.pdf ✅

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 1. A speech sound is a physical event with three aspects: physiological (production = organs of articulation), acoustic (transmission) and auditory (perception). - Phonetics is the study of human speech sounds. It is a branch of linguistics studying the production, the physical nature, the perception and other aspects of human speech sounds. - 3 main different areas of phonetics: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics. Articulatory phonetics - The speech sounds are produced (articulated) = organs of speech. + Organs of speech => parts of the body that are used to produce different sounds (articulation). + Organs of speech = Articulators (mouth, nose, throat) - Articulators: + Passive articulators: upper teeth, teeth (alveolar) ridge, hard palate. + Active articulators: pharynx, soft palate (or velum), lips, jaws, tongue, vocal cords. - Resonance: Sounds produced within the larynx or vocal tract are influenced by the shape of pharyngeal, oral and nasal cavities, which gives sounds the resonance. - Vocal tract: is the air passages which are above the vocal cords and which are involved in the production of speech sounds. + 2 types: nasal cavity (nose), oral cavity (mouth + throat) + The changing in the position of the tongue of the tongue/lips => change the shape of vocal tract => change the shape of the cavities (in VT) => differences in speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics - Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted in the form of the sound waves through the air. Auditory phonetics - Auditory phonetics deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.
2. Phonemics / Phonology: been used to refer to Phonemics Phonology - The study and identification of: + The distinctive units of sounds in a language (distinctive features). + Their relationship to one another. - The procedures for finding phonemes. - The phonemic system. - Phonemics. - A cover term: phonemics & phonetics. - The establishment and description of distinctive sound units (phonemes). - Also concern with: word-to-word relations (combination); intonation. 3. The study of pronunciation: 2 fields Phonetics Phonology - Concern the concrete characteristic (articulatory, acoustics, auditory) of the sounds. - The study of: + pronunciation of h.s.s + the way all s.s are produced - Main aim: to describe/ classify h.s.s - Concern how sounds function systematic way in a particular language; - The study + identification of: the distinctive units of sounds. - The phonemic system (the system of distinctive units of sound) 4. Accent: refer to a particular type of pronunciation. - Accent tell speaker’s background: nation, social class, native or not, ... - Standard (modal) accent: + Received Pronunciation (RP) or (BBC/ Queen’s/ King’s English): is the accent that is widely accepted as the standard accent for both native and foreign speakers of British English. + General American (GA)
Chapter II: THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH 1. The are 3 stages of the speech chain: a. psychological: the nervous system transmits the message to the so-called “organs of speech” and they, in turn, produce a particular pattern of sound. b. articulatory/physiological: the movement of our organs of speech will create disturbances in the air. c. acoustic/physical: constituted by the sound waves produced in the second stage 2. The larynx (the voicebox) is a mass of cartilage at the top of the trachea. - The larynx contains folds of muscle called the vocal cords/vocal folds. - Glottis: the opening between the vocal cords. - Voiceless sounds: sounds produced with relaxed vocal cords; - Voiced sounds: sounds are produced with tensed vocal cords. => If the folds are only partially closed, a whispered sound is produced. 3. After passing through the larynx, the air goes through the vocal tract, which ends at the mouth and nostrils. Here the air from the lungs escapes into the atmosphere. 4. Articulators above the larynx:
5. Different parts of the vocal tract (articulators): - Pharynx; - Velum/soft palate: Velum is raised => air escape through mouth => oral sound Velum is lowed => air escape through nose => nasal sound - Hard palate: between alveolar ridge _ soft palate; - Teeth (alveolar) ridge: between top front teeth _ hard palate. + Sounds = tongue touch alveolar ridge: alveolars. - Tongue: can move into many different places/ shapes. + Tongue has 3 parts that help to make sound: front, centre, back. - The (upper and lower) teeth: sounds = tongue touch the front teeth: dental - Lips. 6. Speech mechanism: - The most usual source of energy for our vocal activities is provided by an air stream expelled from the lungs. - The larynx containing so-called vocal cords is situated in the upper part of windpipe/trachea. - The action of the vocal cords => role as a vibrator. - Glottis: the opening between the vocal cords. Glottis is open when the vocal cords are apart and closed when the vocal cords are pressed together. 7. Four easily recognisable states of the vocal cords: