Title Sociology Question No 09 what is social stratification. explain class and class as bases of social stratification..pdf ✅

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Social stratification refers to the division of society into different layers or classes based on factors like wealth, status, and power, creating inequality and hierarchies among individuals. 3. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: • According to Melvin M. Tuman: “Social stratification refers to arrangements of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation and/or pcychic gratification.” 4. EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: • Education Level: Social stratification based on education refers to the division of society into different groups based on individuals' level of formal education. For example, those with higher levels of education, such as college graduates, may have better access to higher-paying jobs and social status compared to those with lower levels of education, like high school dropouts. • Income: Social stratification based on income refers to the division of society into different economic classes based on individuals' earnings and wealth. For instance, individuals with high incomes and significant assets may belong to the upper class and enjoy access to luxurious lifestyles and opportunities, while those with lower incomes may face challenges in meeting basic needs and have limited access to resources. 5. DEMERITS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: Following are the demerits of the social stratification. • Inequality: Social stratification creates a division between different social groups, leading to unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges.
• Limited mobility: People born into lower strata often face barriers in moving up the social ladder, restricting social and economic mobility. • Discrimination: Stratification can perpetuate discrimination and prejudice against certain groups, based on their social status, leading to unfair treatment and social tensions. • Lack of social cohesion: Wide gaps between social classes can result in a lack of understanding and empathy between different groups, causing social fragmentation. • Reduced social progress: Strata can lead to an inefficient allocation of talent and resources, hindering overall societal progress and development. 6. CHARACHTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: • Hierarchical division: Social stratification involves the classification of individuals or groups into layers or levels based on their social status, wealth, power, or other attributes. • Inequality: It leads to unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among different strata, resulting in varying life chances and outcomes for people in different positions. • Stability and persistence: Social stratification tends to be stable over time, with individuals born into particular strata often remaining there throughout their lives. • Social mobility: Although social stratification limits upward mobility for some, it still allows for some degree of movement between strata through factors like education, career success, or social changes. • Reproduction and reinforcement: Social stratification is often maintained and perpetuated through cultural beliefs, social norms, and institutional structures that reinforce the existing hierarchy. 7. Class as a Basis of Social Stratification:
• Definition: According to Karl Marx: “A group of people having more or less equal economic resources and indicating similar standard of living in a society.” • Examples: Upper Class: People belonging to the upper class have substantial wealth and access to high-quality education, luxurious lifestyles, and influential networks. For example, wealthy business owners or celebrities. Middle Class: The middle class comprises individuals with moderate income and stable jobs. They generally enjoy a decent standard of living and access to education and healthcare. For example, teachers, engineers, or office workers. Lower Class: The lower class often faces financial struggles, limited job opportunities, and inadequate access to essential services. For example, daily-wage laborers or unskilled workers. • Importance of class: Class serves as a vital foundation for social stratification, determining one's position and opportunities in society. It reflects economic disparities, educational access, and job prospects, shaping our lives and interactions. Understanding class allows us to address inequality, enhance social mobility, and create a fairer society for all. 8. Caste as a Basis of Social Stratification: • Definition: According to A.W Green: “Cast is a system of stratification in which mobility up and down the status ladder, at least ideally may not occur.” • Importance: Caste determines social status, roles, and interactions, leading to a hierarchical structure that can influence an individual's entire life. • Examples: