Title 1. Structure of Atom Theory.pdf ✅

1 EH EduHulk Download Free Study Material from EduHulk.com Fundamental Particles of Atom dkQh yEcs le; ls inkFkZ ds l{q ere d.k dks tkuus ds fy, dkQh i;z kl fd;s x;As inkFkZ dh lja puk dks loiZ Fz ke tkWu MkYVu us 1808 ea s iLz rkfor fd;kA  Dalton's Atomic Theory :- bl fl1⁄4kUr ds vuqlkj –  iRz ;ds rRo ,d l{w ere vfoHkkftr d.k ls feydj cuk gkrs k g]S ftls ijek.kq dgrs gASa  ,d rRo ds lHkh ijek.kq ,dleku gkrs s ga S yfs du nlw js rRoka s ds ijek.kvq ka s ls fHkUu gkrs s gAa S  fofHkUu rRoka s ds ijek.kq jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ea s Hkkx yds j ;kfS xd dk fuekZ.k djrs gAa S  fdlh fn;s x;s ;kfS xd ea s ijek.kvq ka s dk idz kj rFkk mudh l[a ;k fuf'pr gkrs h gAS  yfs du ckn dh [kkts ka s ls ;g fl1⁄4 gvq k fd ijek.kq dh ,d fuf'pr lja puk gkrs h gS rFkk ;g foHkkftr gks ldrk gAS ;g rhu eyw Hkrw d.kka s ikz Vs kus ] U;Vw ka uW rFkk byDs Vka Wu ea s foHkkftr gks ldrk gAS (1) Electron :– ;g ,d 1⁄2.kkofs 'kr d.k gS ftls –1e 0 ;k  ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA  bldh [kkts : J. J. Thomson us dh rFkk uke Stoney }kjk fn;k x;kA  bldh [kkts ] dFS kkMs fdj.kka s dh [kkts ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ftudh [kkts (William Crookes) us dhA 1⁄2.kkofs'kr d.k] ftuls feydj dFS kkMs fdj.ka s cuh gkrs h g]a S mUga s byDs Vka uW dgrs gAa S  byDs VakWu ij vko's k = – 1.6 × 10–19 Coulomb = – 4.8 × 10–10 esu * bls bdkbZ 1⁄2.kko's k ekurs gAa S * byDs Vka uW ds vko's k dh x.kuk Millikan oil drop experiment ls dh xbZ A * byDs Vka uW dk ekys j vko's k = ,d ekys byDs Vka uW dk vko's k = 1.6 × 10–19 × 6.02 × 1023 = 96500 C = 1 Faraday  byDs Vka uW ds fy, vko's k&nOz ;eku vuiq kr (e/m) = –1.76 × 108 C/gm gkrs k gAS * ;g Thomson's experiment ls ekik x;kA * vko's k&nOz ;eku vuiq kr (q/m) dks fof'k"V vko's k Hkh dgrs gAa S Contents... • Fundamental Particles of Atom • Planck's Quantum Theory • Thomson's and Rutherford's Model • Bohr's Model • Sommerfeld's Model • Wave mechanical model of atom • Quantum Numbers • Filling of Orbitals in Atom & Electronic Configuration
2 EH EduHulk Download Free Study Material from EduHulk.com  byDs VakWu dk nzO;eku = 9.1 × 10–28 gm = 9.1 × 10–31 Kg. = 5.5 × 10-4 amu ( 1 gram = 6.02×1023 amu and 1 amu =1.66×10–24 gm) * byDs Vka uW dk ekys j nOz ;eku = ,d ekys byDs Vka uW dk nOz ;eku = 9.1 × 10–28 gram × 6.02 × 1023 = 5.5 ×10–4gm/mole=0.54 mg/mole * lkifs {kdrk ds fl1⁄4kUr ds vulq kj] xfr'khy byDs Vka uW dk nOz ;eku & m m v c   0 2 2 1 / e j tgk¡ m0 = byDs Vka uW dk fojke nOz ;eku v = byDs VakuW dk oxs * idz k'k ds oxs ls xfr'khy byDs Vka uW dk nOz ;eku vuUr gkrs k gAS * ,d byDs Vka uW dk nOz ;eku] gkbMkats u ijek.kq ds nOz ;eku dk 1/1837oka Hkkx gkrs k gAS * ;s ijek.kq dk lcls gYdk eyw Hkrw d.k gAS (2) Proton :- ;g ,d /kukofs'kr d.k gS ftls 1 1 P ls inz f'krZ fd;k tkrk gAS  ;s ikz Vs h;e dk ukfHkd (H+ ) gkrs k gS  [kkts dÙkkZ : Goldstein, ukedj.k : Rutherford.  bldh [kkts ,ukMs fdj.kka s dh [kkts ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ftudh [kkts Goldstein us dhA gkbMkats u ijek.kq ls mnx~ fer /ku fdj.ka s ftu /kukofs'kr d.kka s ls feydj cuh gkrs h ga S mUga s ikz Vs kus dgrs gAa S  dFS kkMs fdj.kka s dk fof'k"V vko's k fu;r gkrs k gS tcfd ,ukMs fdj.kka s dk fof'k"V vko's k ifjoruZ 'khy gkrs k gS rFkk ;s ml xlS dh idz f` r ij fuHkjZ djrk gS ftlls ,ukMs fdj.ka s cuh gkrs h gAa S  ikz Vs kus dk vko's k = + 1.6 × 10–19 C = + 4.8 × 10–10 esu rFkk bls bdkbZ /kuko's k ekurs gASa  izkVs kus dk nzO;eku = 1.673 × 10–24 gm = 1.673 × 10–27 Kg. = 1.00747 amu ~ 1 amu  ,d ukfHkd dk dyq vko's k ikz Vs kus ka s ds dkj.k gkrs k gAS  ukfHkd ea s mifLFkr ikz Vs kus ka s dh l[a ;k = ijek.kq Øekda (Z) = mnklhu ijek.kq ea s byDs Vka uW ka s dh l[a ;k (3) Neutron :- ;g ,d mnklhu d.k gS ftls 0n 1 ls inz f'krZ fd;k tk ldrk gAS  bldh [kkts rFkk ukedj.k Chadwick us fd;kA  bldh [kkts ukfHkdh; vfHkfØ;kvka s ij vk/kkfjr FkhA Chadwick us 'Be' ijek.kq ij rts xfr okys ,YQk d.kka s dh ckNS kj dh rFkk mlls mnklhu d.kka s dk mRltuZ gvq k] ftUga s U;Vw ka uW dgk x;kA 4 Be9 + 2He4  6C 12 + 0 n 1  U;Vw ka Wu dk nOz ;eku = 1.675 × 10–24 gm = 1.675 × 10–27 Kg. = 1.00899 amu ~ 1 amu  ikz Vs kus dk nOz ;eku yxHkx U;Vw ka uW ds cjkcj gkrs k gS ijUrq byDs Vka uW dk nOz ;eku U;Vw ka uW ds lki{s k ux.; gkrs k gAS
3 EH EduHulk Download Free Study Material from EduHulk.com  ;g ,d ijek.kq dk lcls Hkkjh eyw Hkrw d.k gkrs k gAS  U;Vw akWu dk fof'k"V vko's k = 0  ;g ijek.kq dk lcls T;knk vLFkk;h eyw Hkrw d.k gAS  Representation of An Element :- ,d rRo dks fuEu idz kj inz f'krZ fd;k tkrk gAS X A Z        =                 = Z + n = p + n           ,d leLFkkfud ds ijekf.o; nOz ;eku dks bldh utnhdh i.w kkda Z l[a ;k ea s cnyus ij ikz Ir l[a ;k dks nOz ;eku l[a ;k (A) dgrs gASa ;s izkVs kus o U;Vw ka Wuka s dh l[a ;k dk ;kxs gkrs h gAS nzO;eku l[a ;k (A) = ikz Vs kus ks dh l[a ;k (p) + U;Vw ka uW ka s dh l[a ;k (n) = ijek.kq Øekda (Z) + U;Vw ka uW ka s dh l[a ;k (n)  A , amu bdkbZ ea s yxHkx ,d ijek.kq ds nOz ;eku dks inz f'krZ djrk gAS  Some Other Nuclear Particles : - (1) -Particle :- ;g He dk f}vk;fur ijek.kq ( 2 4 2 He ) gAS  -d.k dk vko's k = 2 bdkbZ /kuko's k = 2 × 1.6× 10–19 C = 3.2× 10–19 C  -d.k dk nzO;eku = 4 amu  - ·¤‡æ ·ð¤ ©UˆâÁüÙ âð ijekf.o; Lih'kh ds ijek.kq ·ý¤×æ ́·¤ ×ð ́ 2 ÌÍæ ÎýÃØ×æÙ â ́ Øæ ×ð ́ 4 ·¤è ·¤×è ãUæðÌè ãñUÐ Z X A  Z A  Y  2 4 + -particle ( 2 4 2 He ) (2) -Particle : - ;s byDs VakWu ( –1e 0 ) gSA  -d.k dk vkos'k = 1 bdkbZ 1⁄2.kkos'k = – 1.6× 10–19 C  - d.k dk nzO;eku = 5.5 × 10–4 amu ] ftldks 1 amu ds lki{s k ux.; ekuk tk ldrk gAS  ,d ijekf.o; Lih'kh ls ,d -d.k ds mRlftrZ gkus s ij ijek.kq Øekda 1 c<+ tkrk gS rFkk nOz ;eku l[a ;k vifjofrrZ jgrh gAS Z X A  Z A 1Y + -particle  iktW hVka uW  d.k dk foifjr d.k gkrs k gS ftldks  + ;k +1e 0 ls inz f'krZ fd;k tkrk gAS (3) -Particle :- ;s vko's k jfgr rFkk nOz ;eku jfgr ÅtkZ ds d.k gAa S  ,d ijekf.o; Lih'kh l]s ,d - d.k ds mRltuZ ls ijek.kq Øekda rFkk nOz ;eku l[a ;k vifjofrrZ jgrs gASa
4 EH EduHulk Download Free Study Material from EduHulk.com  Different Types of Atomic Species : - (1) leLFkkfud (Isotopes/Isoprotonic) :- ,d gh rRo ls lca fa /kr ijekf.o; Lih'kht gkrs h gAS ftudh nOz ;eku l[a ;k (A) fHkUu gkrs h gS rFkk U;Vw ka uW ka s dh l[a ;k (A–Z) Hkh fHkUu gkrs h gS yfs du ijek.kq Øeka d (Z) leku gkrs h gAS Ex. gkbMkats u ds rhu leLFkkfud ga S 1H 1  Protium (H) 1H 2  Deuterium (D) 1H 3  Tritium (T)  ;fn Z A X1 1 rFkk Z A Y2 2 ,d nlw js ds leLFkkfud g]a S rks A1  A2 , A1– Z1  A2– Z2 ijUr q Z1 = Z2  leLFkkfudka s ds jklk;fud x.q k leku ijUrq HkkfS rd x.q k fHkUu gkrs s gAa S  ,d rRo ds leLFkkfudka s ea s byDs Vka uW ka s dh l[a ;k] byDs Vka fW ud foU;kl rFkk vkoÙkZ lkj.kh ea s fLFkfr leku gkrs h gAS  vf/kdk'a k rRoka s dk ijek.koh; nOz ;eku leLFkkfudka s dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k fHkUukRed gkrs k gAS rRo ds ijek.koh; nOz ;eku ea s lHkh rRo mudh idz f` r ea s mifLFkr lki{s k ek=k ds vulq kj ;kxs nku djrs gAa S  ,d - d.k rFkk nks - d.k ds mRltuZ ls leLFkkfud ikz Ir gkrs s gAa S Z A Z A X Y       1 2 4   , (2) leHkkfjd (Isobars) : - fHkUu rRoka s dh ijekf.o; Lih'kht ftudk ijek.kq Øekda (Z) fHkUu] U;Vw ka uW ka s dh l[a ;k (A–Z) fHkUu ijUrq nOz ;eku l[a ;k (A) leku jgrh gAS Ex. 18Ar40 , 19K 40 , 20Ca40  ;fn Z A X1 1 rFkk Z A Y2 2 ,d nlw js ds leHkkfjd g]S rks Z1  Z2 , A1– Z1  A2– Z2 ijUr q A1 = A2  leHkkfjdka s ds HkkfS rd x.q k leku ijUrq jklk;fud x.q k fHkUu gkrs s gAa S  leHkkfjdka s ea s U;fw Dy;kus ka s dh l[a ;k leku gkrs h gS ijUrq byDs Vka fW ud foU;kl rFkk vkoÙkZ lkj.kh ea s fLFkfr fHkUu gkrs h gAS  ,d - d.k ds mRltZu ls leHkkfjd ikz Ir gkrs k gAS Z A z A X Y   1 1 (3) leU;Vw ka fW ud (Isotones/Isoneutronic) : - fHkUu&fHkUu rRoka s ls lca fa /kr ijekf.o; Lih'kht ftudk ijek.kq Øekda (Z) fHkUu] nOz ;eku l[a ;k (A) fHkUu ijUrq U;Vw akuW ks dh l[a ;k (A –Z) leku gkrs h gAS Ex. 14Si30 , 15P 31 , 16S 32  ;fn Z A X1 1 rFkk Z A Y2 2 ,d nlw js ds leU;Vw ka fW ud g]S rks Z1  Z2 , A1  A2 ijUr q A1– Z1 = A2 – Z2  leU;Vw ka fW udka s ds HkkfS rd o jklk;fud xq.k fHkUu&fHkUu gkrs s gAa S  leU;Vw ka Wfudka s dk byDs Vka fW ud foU;kl o vkoÙkZ lkj.kh ea s fLFkfr fHkUu gkrs h gAS